The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the scientific field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.
AI terminology
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Goals and applications
General intelligence Artificial general intelligence – AI-complete – Artificial superintelligence –
Reasoning and problem solving Automated reasoning – Mathematics and artificial intelligence (mathematical discoveries by artificial intelligence) – Automated theorem prover – Computer-assisted proof – Computer algebra – General Problem Solver – Expert system – Decision support system – Clinical decision support system –
Knowledge representation Knowledge representation – Knowledge management – Cyc –
Planning Automated planning and scheduling – Strategic planning – Sussman anomaly –
Learning Machine learning – Constrained Conditional Models – Deep learning – Neural modeling fields – Supervised learning – Weak supervision (semi-supervised learning) – Unsupervised learning –
Natural language processing Natural language processing (outline) – Chatterbots – Language identification – Large language model – Retrieval-augmented generation – Natural language user interface – Natural language understanding – Machine translation – Statistical semantics – Question answering – Semantic translation – Concept mining – Data mining – Text mining – Process mining – E-mail spam filtering – Information extraction – Named-entity extraction – Coreference resolution – Named-entity recognition – Relationship extraction – Terminology extraction
Perception Machine perception – Pattern recognition – Computer Audition – Speech recognition – Speaker recognition – Computer vision (outline) – Image processing – Intelligent word recognition – Object recognition – Optical mark recognition – Handwriting recognition – Optical character recognition – Automatic number plate recognition – Information extraction – Image retrieval – Automatic image annotation – Facial recognition systems – Silent speech interface – Activity recognition – Percept (artificial intelligence) –
Robotics Robotics – Behavior-based robotics – Cognitive – Cybernetics – Developmental robotics – Evolutionary robotics –
Control
Intelligent control – Self-management (computer science) – Autonomic Computing – Autonomic Networking –
Social intelligence Affective computing – Kismet –
Game playing Game artificial intelligence – Computer game bot – computer replacement for human players. Video game AI – Computer chess – Computer Go – General game playing – General video game playing –
Creativity, art and entertainment Artificial creativity – Artificial life – Artificial intelligence art – AI anthropomorphism – AI agent – AI web browser – AI boom – AI slop – Creative computing – Generative AI – Generative pre trained transformer – Uncanny valley – Music and artificial intelligence – Computational humor – Chatbot –
Integrated AI systems AIBO – Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills. Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities. MIRAGE – A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment. Cog – M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks. QRIO – Sony's version of a humanoid robot. TOPIO – TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans. Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures. Purpose: Open domain question answering Technologies employed: Natural language processing Information retrieval Knowledge representation Automated reasoning Machine learning Project Debater (2018) – artificially intelligent computer system, designed to make coherent arguments, developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel.
Intelligent personal assistants
Intelligent personal assistant – Amazon Alexa – Assistant – Braina – Cortana – Google Assistant – Google Now – Mycroft – Siri – Viv –
Other applications Artificial life – simulation of natural life through the means of computers, robotics, or biochemistry. Automatic target recognition – Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) – Speech generating device – Vehicle infrastructure integration – Virtual Intelligence –
History History of artificial intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Timeline of artificial intelligence AI effect – as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced, so far, throughout the history of development of AI. AI winter – a period of disappointment and funding reductions occurring after a wave of high expectations and funding in AI. Such funding cuts occurred in the 1970s, for instance. Moore's law
History by period
2017 in artificial intelligence 2018 in artificial intelligence 2019 in artificial intelligence 2020 in artificial intelligence 2021 in artificial intelligence 2022 in artificial intelligence 2023 in artificial intelligence 2024 in artificial intelligence 2025 in artificial intelligence 2026 in artificial intelligence 2027 in artificial intelligence 2028 in artificial intelligence 2029 in artificial intelligence
History by subject History of logic (formal reasoning is an important precursor of AI) History of machine learning (timeline) History of machine translation (timeline) History of natural language processing History of optical character recognition (timeline)
AI algorithms and techniques
Search Discrete search algorithms; Uninformed search;
Informed search;
Adversarial search
Logic as search;
Planning as search
Optimization search Optimization (mathematics) algorithms;
Evolutionary computation
Society based learning algorithms.
Logic Logic and automated reasoning; Programming using logic
See "Logic as search" above. Forms of Logic Propositional logic; First-order logic; v First-order logic with equality
Fuzzy logic
Perceptual Computing – Default reasoning and other solutions to the frame problem and qualification problem;
Abductive reasoning places this under "uncertain reasoning"
Domain specific logics Representing categories and relations;
Representing events and time
Causes and effects
Knowledge about knowledge Belief revision Modal logics paraconsistent logics Planning using logic
Learning using logic;
General logic algorithms
Other symbolic knowledge and reasoning tools Symbolic representations of knowledge
Unsolved problems in knowledge representation
Commonsense knowledgeBreadth of commonsense knowledge: , , ,
Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning:; Bayesian networks; Bayesian inference algorithm; Bayesian learning and the expectation-maximization algorithm Bayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks Probabilistic perception and control: Dynamic Bayesian networks Hidden Markov model Kalman filters
Decision tools from economics: Decision theory Decision analysis Information value theory Markov decision processes Dynamic decision networks Game theory Mechanism design
Classifiers and statistical learning methods Classifier (mathematics) and Statistical classification; Alternating decision tree; Artificial neural network (see below); K-nearest neighbor algorithm Kernel methods Support vector machine Naive Bayes classifier
Artificial neural networks Artificial neural networks
feedforward neural networks; Perceptrons Multi-layer perceptrons Radial basis networks
Recurrent neural networks; Long short-term memoryHochreiter, Sepp; and Schmidhuber, Jürgen; Long Short-Term Memory, Neural Computation, 9(8):1735–1780, 1997 Hopfield networks Attractor networks
Learning algorithms for neural networks Hebbian learning Backpropagation;
Competitive learning Supervised backpropagation Neuroevolution Restricted Boltzmann machine
Biologically based or embodied
Developmental roboticsDevelopmental robotics:
Situated AI
Artificial immune systems
Cognitive architecture and multi-agent systems
AERA (AI architecture)
Distributed artificial intelligence – Multi-agent system –
Philosophy
Definition of AI Pei Wang's definition of artificial intelligence Dartmouth proposal ("Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it") Turing test Computing Machinery and Intelligence Intelligent agent and rational agent Action selection AI effect Synthetic intelligence
Classifying AI Symbolic vs sub-symbolic AI Symbolic AI Physical symbol system Dreyfus' critique of AI Moravec's paradox Elegant and simple vs. ad-hoc and complex Neat vs. Scruffy Society of Mind (scruffy approach) The Master Algorithm (neat approach) Level of generality and flexibility Artificial general intelligence Narrow AI Level of precision and correctness Soft computing "Hard" computing Level of intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Superintelligence Level of consciousness, mind and understanding Chinese room Hard problem of consciousness Computationalism Functionalism (philosophy of mind) Robot rights User illusion Artificial consciousness
Future
Artificial general intelligence. An intelligent machine with the versatility to perform any intellectual task. Superintelligence. A machine with a level of intelligence far beyond human intelligence. . A machine that has mind, consciousness and understanding. (Also, the philosophical position that any digital computer can have a mind by running the right program.) Technological singularity. The short period of time when an exponentially self-improving computer is able to increase its capabilities to a superintelligent level. Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence. Intelligence explosion – through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could achieve superintelligence, surpassing human ability to resist it. Singularitarianism Human enhancement – humans may be enhanced, either by the efforts of AI or by merging with it. Transhumanism – philosophy of human transformation Posthumanism – people may survive, but not be recognizable in comparison to present modern-day humans. Cyborgs – Mind uploading – Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
AI takeover – point at which humans are no longer the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and machine intelligence is
Artificial intelligence arms race – competition between two or more states to have its military forces equipped with the best "artificial intelligence" (AI). Lethal autonomous weapon Military robot Unmanned combat aerial vehicle Mitigating risks: AI safety AI control problem Friendly AI – hypothetical AI that is designed not to harm humans and to prevent unfriendly AI from being developed Machine ethics