The Reggiane Re.2005 (, Sagittarius) was a monoplane fighter and fighter-bomber designed and produced by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Reggiane. It was principally operated by the Regia Aeronautica during the later years of the Second World War, being the last of the Reggiane aircraft line to enter service during the conflict.
Along with the Macchi C.205 Veltro and Fiat G.55 Centauro, the Re.2005 was one of the three Serie 5 Italian fighters. It was specifically designed to be powered by the German-sourced Daimler-Benz DB 605 V-12 inline engine.Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 236. The airframe was largely composed of light alloys while lines of the fuselage were streamlined for aerodynamic efficiency. Distinctive features of the aircraft included its semi-elliptical wings, lengthy nose and large tail unit; it was also the only Italian fighter aircraft of the conflict to be furnished with hydraulically-actuated flaps. One major drawback of the Re.2005 was a structural weakness present in the rear section of the fuselage. The prototype performed its maiden flight on 9 May 1942 and quantity production commenced during September of that same year.
Entering squadron service in April 1943, the Re.2005 participated in the defense of the Italian homeland, including of Naples, Rome and Sicily. In addition to its use by the Regia Aeronautica, the Luftwaffe also became interested in the type. However, the Re.2005 was never produced in large numbers, only 48 aircraft having been delivered before the Armistice of Cassibile was enacted in September 1943; production of the type came to an end during the following year. Nevertheless, both sides of the conflict operated the fighter in the closing months of the conflict; Re.2005s (in German insignia) were present during the final defense of Berlin in 1945.Mondey 1996, p. 234. The type garnered a reputation of not only to be one of the best Axis wartime aircraft but also one of the best, if not the best-looking.Sgarlato 2005, . British ace and military observer, Group Captain Duncan Smith, DSO DFC, stated that "The Re.2005 was altogether a superb, potent aeroplane".Smith 1981, .
Design and development Background Throughout the 1930s, the Italian military authorities chose to adopt only radial engines to power their aircraft; consequently, during the second half of the 1930s, the Italian aeronautical industry had been sufficiently de-incentivised to the point of completely avoiding the development of more powerful engines based on streamlined liquid-cooled designs, which would become popular abroad.Mondey 2006, p. 153.Cattaneo 1966, p. 3. By 1941, Italy, having become an active participant in the Second World War during the previous year, recognised the need to improve its military capabilities, particularly in terms of its combat aircraft. Accordingly, work commenced on the development of what would become the Re.2005; the company's design team was headed by the Italian aeronautical engineer Roberto Longhi, other designers included Alessio, Maraschini, Toniolo and Pozzi. Preliminary work was reportedly completed before the end of the year, despite being a clean-sheet design rather than a more straightforward development of an existing design, such as the Reggiane Re.2002. During February 1942, the airframe of the prototype was completed, by which point the German-sourced Daimler-Benz DB 605 inline engine was ready to be delivered.
On 9 May 1942, the first prototype MM.494 performed its maiden flight; one day later, it was seriously damaged after a heavy landing had resulted in an undercarriage failure, forcing the aircraft to be grounded until June (MM.494 was damaged twice more in tests). This prototype was armed with four Breda 12.7 mm machine guns along with a single Mauser cannon; it was primarily used for testing, but later saw active use during the aerial defense of Naples. After a fierce competition, in which the Macchi C.205N Veltro was quickly abandoned and the G.55 was considered better from a production point of view (being only marginally inferior as a fighter but much easier to mass produce), the Regia Aeronautica ordered the production of 750 Re.2005 aircraft, an optimistic figure in wartime Italy.
Technical design
The Re.2005 was a low-wing, single-engine, single-seat fighter monoplane that was largely composed of light alloys. Propulsion was by a Daimler Benz DB.605A-1 engine, either of original German production or built by Fiat as the RA.1050 RC.58 Tifone (Typhoon). The aircraft was equipped with a right-handed, three-bladed Piaggio P.2001 constant speed, mechanically controlled, variable-pitch metal propeller. The streamlined and compact fuselage was almost totally dominated by the DB 605 engine and left relatively little space to accommodate fuel. The fuselage-mounted MG 151/20 cannon had less ammunition than those mounted in the wings (150 rounds versus 170 rounds in the wing gun bays from the second prototype on). The comparable Fiat G.55 Centauro had 250 rounds for the fuselage gun but also 600 for a 12.7 mm machine gun. The smaller Re.2005 also carried 100 fewer 20 mm but 100 more 12.7 mm rounds, a lighter armament array.
The aft fuselage was unusually compact, even by Italian standards, accommodating both the radio apparatus and oxygen bottles while also supporting the aircraft's relatively large fin. The cockpit was covered by a canopy which tilted to the right for access and had an armoured 50 mm glass windscreen. Other protection included a seat with -thick steel shell weighing . The seat provided little protection against 12.7 mm rounds which were capable of piercing even at short distances but the armour was tempered, giving more protection than homogeneous steel. Given the relatively heavy weight of a thick steel plate, every attempt was made to make the steel alloy used stronger and a headrest was attached to bulkhead six.
The sophisticated wing design, which has often been described as being elliptical, was actually semi-elliptical; the wing thickness tapered from 15 percent at the root to 8 percent at the tip. The structure of the three spars incorporated a "T" section. The triangular-shaped wing and tail control surfaces were mostly fabric-covered, included all-metal two-part split flaps and statically balanced ailerons. Fuel was carried in four self-sealing wing tanks (two forward and two behind) that provided a total capacity of . The wide-track undercarriage retracted outwards into the wings while the tailwheel was fully retractable as well. The Re.2005 was the only Italian aircraft of the conflict to possess hydraulically-actuated flaps. The Re.2005 was one of the most advanced Italian fighters, however, it was also too advanced to be easily produced by the Italian industry and one of the most expensive, if not the most expensive, fighter to produce. The complexity of the Re.2005, as well as its small dimensions, contributed to the competing Fiat G.55 being evaluated as a superior choice for mass production.
Operational history
The first pilot to use the Re. 2005 in action was Maggiore Vittorio Minguzzi, commander of 22° Gruppo. The unit was based at Napoli-Capodichino airfield for the defense of the city. Minguzzi received the prototype of the Re.2005 (MM.494)—after flight test evaluations in Guidonia—and made the first flight with this aircraft on 7 March 1943. He and the most able pilots in the Gruppo flew this prototype until 23 March and they all had a very favourable and enthusiastic impression of it. Minguzzi subsequently flew the prototype to Napoli-Capodichino, where it was incorporated into 362a Squadriglia; this unit, commanded by Capitano Germano La Ferla, was the first to be equipped with the Re.2005.Arena 1994, p. 18.
Minguzzi scrambled for the first time in the Sagittario on 24 March, when Naples was attacked and on 2 April he claimed a four-engined B-24 Liberator bomber over the Isle of Ischia. This claim is not verified against corresponding USAAF losses. Italian ace Vittorio Minguzzi was impressed by this aircraft following its tests and combat debut on 2 April 1943. He wrote:
The aircraft is in ideal flying conditions at an altitude of and can make repeated attacks on American heavy bombers in all positions and from all directions... I can therefore say that the speed and handling qualities are excellent even at and that compared to the Macchi 202, the Sagittario made two attacks in the time required by the Macchi C.202 for a single pass.RE2005 in action
This statement provides a realistic comparison between the two aircraft: in theoretical speed, the Macchi C.202 was only slower but the Re.2005 with the DB-605 engine and larger wing, provided a substantial improvement in performance at high altitude (the difference was less marked at medium-to-low altitudes, as the comparison with the C.205V showed). During April, 362a Squadriglia received three more Re.2005s from the 0-serie but the number of Re.2005s in the 22° Gruppo never exceeded eight.
The first confirmed air victories came on 28 April, when four Re.2005s from 22° Gruppo scrambled (with C.202s and one Dewoitine D.520) from Capodichino to intercept a formation of 30 B-24s Liberators, escorted by 30 fighters heading for Naples. The Re.2005s were flown by Maggiore Minguzzi, Capitano La Ferla, Tenente Giulio Torresi and Sergente Donati. The 22o Gruppo claimed one B-24 (by Minguzzi) and four probables (one was later confirmed by ground observer and credited to Donati). Ten more were claimed as shared damaged by the whole Gruppo.Gustavsson, Håkan. "Generale S.A. Vittorio Minguzzi." Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War, 10 July 2005. Retrieved: 23 September 2009.
More aircraft arrived at 362a Squadriglia and in the following weeks, this unit displayed a lot more potency than C.202 units, claiming several bombers for the loss of a pair of Re.2005s. By 25 June 1943, Reggiane Re.2005 pilots claimed a total of seven B-24s and many others damaged but losses claimed seldom matched true losses. (See for example the passage in the entry for Macchi C.205 describing the Battle of Capo Pula on 2 August, when none of the 12 P-38 Lightnings claimed were lost by the USAAF, whereas the Americans claimed three or four victories over the Axis fighters with no losses. Later records showed that only a Catalina and a C.202 were shot down.) At least one Reggiane, MM.092343 of Lt. Moresi, was shot down."RE2005 in action." Reggiane into Aces High. Retrieved: 23 September 2009.Sgarlato, Nico. "Il B-24 del ten. Moresi". Aerei nella Storia Magazine, West-ward editions, Parma, pp. 22–24. .
On 2 July 1943, 362a was sent to Sicily to face the imminent invasion and were involved in combat with Spitfires, claiming five shot down from 11 to 14 July (two were confirmed kills: a reconnaissance Spitfire and another downed in a strafing attack over Comiso). Spitfires were formidable opponents (even if many were only Mk Vs), with two Re.2005s destroyed on 11 July and the rest bombed or strafed on the ground. Only two aircraft returned to Sicily.
Ten more fighters joined 362a but when one was damaged in a steep dive on 21 August 1943, some concern was raised. On 25 August, MM.092356 (Lt Dario Signorini bailed out) was lost during another dive and so further flights were discontinued. It was discovered that at speeds over TAS, every manoeuvre could adversely affect the flight control in the tail and then cause damage to the fuselage from flutter. Re.2005 pilots were forbidden from attaining very high speeds (VNE ) but by then, operations were winding down as the Armistice of Cassibile was taking effect. During trials conducted in July 1943, Cmdr. de Prato achieved a speed of in a dive with no loss of control and experienced no flutter.