The following outline provides an overview and topical guide to finance:
Finance – the field concerned with how individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and manage monetary resources over time, while accounting for the risks associated with their activities and investments.
Overview The term finance may incorporate any of the following: The study of money and other assets The management and control of those assets Profiling and managing related risks
Fundamental financial concepts
Asset types
Financial technology
History
, on usury and other dishonest profit
Post-World War I hyperinflation; see
Finance terms by field
Accounting (financial record keeping)
Banking See articles listed under:
Corporate finance
Below Introduction to business: The most widely used and accessible textbook for Introduction to Business courses globally is "Introduction to Business" by OpenStax. Other popular standard textbooks include "Introduction to Business" by Jeff Madura and "Introduction to Business" by Neck, Neck, and Murray.
(Strategic) Financial management
Investment management
Personal finance
Credit and debt
Canada
United Kingdom
United States
Public finance
Risk management
Computation
Alternate measures
Extensions
Constraint finance
Insurance
Credit insurance
Economics and finance
Finance-related areas of economics
Corporate finance theory
Uncertainty
Risk management
Asset pricing theory
#Underlying theory below Financial markets
Complete market & Incomplete markets
Application:
Asset pricing models Equilibrium pricing Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
Bonds; other interest rate instruments
Risk neutral pricing Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
Bonds; other interest rate instruments
Mathematics and finance
Time value of money
Financial mathematics
Mathematical tools
Monte Carlo methods
Partial differential equations
Derivatives pricing
Underlying logic (see also #Economics and finance above)
Arbitrage-free pricing
Options (incl. Real options and ESOs)
Approximations for American options
Garman–Kohlhagen model
Least Square Monte Carlo for American options
Volatility smile (& Volatility surface)
Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others)
Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.)
Forward rate / Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models) LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM) Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
Valuation adjustments
Yield curve modelling
Portfolio mathematics #Mathematical techniques below #Quantitative investing below
Specific applications:
Treynor–Black model
Financial markets
Market and instruments Capital markets Securities Financial markets Primary market Initial public offering Aftermarket Free market Bull market Bear market Bear market rally Market maker Dow Jones Industrial Average Nasdaq List of stock exchanges List of stock market indices List of corporations by market capitalization Value Line Composite Index
Equity market
Stock market Stock Common stock Preferred stock Treasury stock Equity investment Index investing Private Equity Financial reports and statements Fundamental analysis Dividend Dividend yield Stock split
Equity valuation
Dow theory Elliott wave principle Economic value added Fibonacci retracement Gordon model Growth stock PEG ratio PVGO Mergers and acquisitions Leveraged buyout Takeover Corporate raid PE ratio Market capitalization Income per share Stock valuation Technical analysis Chart patterns V-trend Paper valuation
Investment theory
Behavioral finance Dead cat bounce Efficient market hypothesis Market microstructure Stock market crash Stock market bubble January effect Mark Twain effect Quantitative behavioral finance Quantitative analysis (finance) Statistical arbitrage
Bond market
Bond (finance) Zero-coupon bond Junk bonds Convertible bond Accrual bond Municipal bond Sovereign bond Bond valuation Yield to maturity Bond duration Bond convexity Fixed income
Money market
Repurchase agreement International Money Market Currency Exchange rate International currency codes Table of historical exchange rates
Commodity market
Commodity Asset Commodity Futures Trading Commission Commodity trade Drawdowns Forfaiting Fundamental analysis Futures contract Fungibility Gold as an investment Hedging Jesse Lauriston Livermore List of traded commodities Ownership equity Position trader Risk (Futures) Seasonal traders Seasonal spread trading Slippage Speculation Spread trade Technical analysis Breakout Bear market Bottom (technical analysis) Bull market MACD Moving average Open Interest Parabolic SAR Point and figure charts Resistance RSI Stochastic oscillator Stop loss Support Top (technical analysis) Trade Trend
Derivatives market
Derivative (finance) (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing) Underlying instrument
Forward markets and contracts
Forward contract
Futures markets and contracts
Backwardation Contango Futures contract Financial future Currency future Interest rate future Single-stock futures Stock market index future Futures exchange
Option markets and contracts Options Stock option Box spread Call option Put option Strike price Put–call parity The Greeks Black–Scholes formula Black model Binomial options model Implied volatility Option time value Moneyness At-the-money In-the-money Out-of-the-money Straddle Option style Vanilla option Exotic option Binary option European option Interest rate floor Interest rate cap Bermudan option American option Quanto option Asian option Employee stock option Warrants Foreign exchange option Interest rate options Bond options Real options Options on futures
Swap markets and contracts Swap (finance) Interest rate swap Basis swap Asset swap Forex swap Stock swap Equity swap Currency swap Variance swap
Derivative markets by underlyings
Equity derivatives
Contract for difference (CFD) Exchange-traded fund (ETF) Closed-end fund Inverse exchange-traded fund Equity options Equity swap Real estate investment trust (REIT) Warrants Covered warrant
Interest rate derivatives
LIBOR Forward rate agreement Interest rate swap Interest rate cap Exotic interest rate option Bond option Interest rate future Money market instruments Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds In-arrears Swap Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors) Interest rate Swaption Bermudan swaptions Cross currency swaptions Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo) Target redemption note (TARN) CMS steepener Snowball Inverse floater Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation Interest only (IO) Principal only (PO) Ratchet caps and floors
Credit derivatives
Credit default swap Collateralized debt obligation Credit default option Total return swap Securitization Strip financing
Foreign exchange derivative
Basis swap Currency future Currency swap Foreign exchange binary option Foreign exchange forward Foreign exchange option Forward exchange rate Foreign exchange swap Foreign exchange hedge Non-deliverable forward Power reverse dual-currency note
Financial regulation Corporate governance Financial regulation Bank regulation Banking license License
Designations and accreditation
Certified Financial Planner Chartered Financial Analyst CFA Institute Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Professional risk manager Chartered Financial Consultant Canadian Securities Institute Independent financial adviser Chartered Insurance Institute Financial Risk Manager Chartered Market Technician Certified Financial Technician
Litigation Liabilities Subject to Compromise
Fraud Forex scam Insider trading Legal origins theory Petition mill Ponzi scheme
Industry bodies International Swaps and Derivatives Association National Association of Securities Dealers
Regulatory and supervisory bodies
International Bank for International Settlements International Organization of Securities Commissions Security Commission Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II, Basel III International Association of Insurance Supervisors International Accounting Standards Board
European Union European Securities Committee (EU) Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)
Regulatory bodies by country
United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)
United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission Federal Reserve Federal Trade Commission Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Securities and Exchange Commission
United States legislation Glass–Steagall Act (US) Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US) Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US) Securities Act of 1933 (US) Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US) Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US) USA PATRIOT Act
Actuarial topics Actuarial topics
Valuation
Underlying theory Value (economics) Valuation (finance) and specifically § Valuation overview "The Theory of Investment Value"
Valuation risk Real versus nominal value (economics) Real prices and ideal prices Fair value Fair value accounting Intrinsic value Market price Value in use Fairness opinion Asset pricing (see also #Asset pricing theory above) Arbitrage-free price
Equilibrium price market efficiency economic equilibrium rational expectations
Context (Corporate) Bonds Bond valuation
Equity valuation #Equity valuation above Fundamental analysis Stock valuation Capital Markets Business valuation
Capital budgeting and The Theory of Investment Value Real estate valuation Real estate appraisal Real estate economics
Considerations Bonds covenants and indentures secured / unsecured debt senior / subordinated debt embedded options Equity Minimum acceptable rate of return Margin of safety (financial) Enterprise value Sum-of-the-parts analysis Conglomerate discount Minority discount Control premium Accretion/dilution analysis Certainty equivalent Haircut (finance) Paper valuation
Discounted cash flow valuation
Bond valuation Modeling
embedded options: Pull to par
Results Clean price Dirty price Yield to maturity Coupon yield Current yield Duration Convexity embedded options: Option-adjusted spread effective duration effective convexity Cash flows Principal (finance) Coupon (bond) Fixed rate bond Floating rate note Zero-coupon bond Accrual bond sinking fund provisions Real estate valuation
Income approach Net Operating Income
German income approach Equity valuation Results Net present value Adjusted present value Equivalent Annual Cost Payback period Discounted payback period Internal rate of return Modified Internal Rate of Return Return on investment Profitability index Specific models and approaches Dividend discount model Gordon growth model Market value added / Economic value added Residual income valuation First Chicago Method rNPV Fed model Sum of perpetuities method Benjamin Graham formula LBO valuation model Goldman Sachs asset management factor model Cash flows Cash flow forecasting EBIDTA NOPAT Free cash flow Free cash flow to firm Free cash flow to equity Dividends
Relative valuation
Bonds
Yield spread I-spread Option-adjusted spread Z-spread Asset swap spread Credit spread (bond) Bond credit rating Altman Z-score Ohlson O-score Book value Debt-to-equity ratio Debt-to-capital ratio Current ratio Quick ratio Debt ratio Real estate