Enoplognatha is a genus of comb-footed spiders first described by P. Pavesi in 1880. They were characterized by both a large colulus and a subspherical abdomen, with males usually have enlarged chelicerae. It is considered a senior synonym of Symopagia.
Life style These spiders have a diverse lifestyle and make cob-webs under stones or ground debris while some specimens are sampled from vegetation where they build webs on, between and around leaves. The white egg sacs are deposited in the web.
In South Africa, Theridion purcelli and Enoplognatha molesta were the most abundant theridiids found in citrus orchards in South Africa. In cotton fields, E. molesta was the most common species, followed by T. purcelli. In the laboratory, both species fed on red spider mites, the first three larval stages and adult stages of Helicoverpa armigera, leafhoppers and aphids.
Description
Among the theridiids, they are medium to large sized. E. maricopa, a red-brown spider with a mottled purplish abdomen, has males that can reach a length of , while females typically reach . E. peruviana females can grow to long, and female E. zapfeae can reach up to .
Species , this genus includes 75 species with a cosmopolitan distribution, including Greenland and Western Australia:
Enoplognatha abrupta (Karsch, 1879) – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan Enoplognatha afrodite Hippa & Oksala, 1983 – Southern Europe Enoplognatha almeriensis Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Portugal, Spain Enoplognatha apaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha bidens Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia) Enoplognatha biskrensis Denis, 1945 – Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia Enoplognatha bobaiensis Zhu, 1998 – China Enoplognatha bryjai Řezáč, 2016 – Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Ukraine Enoplognatha cariasoi Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East), China, Korea, Japan, Alaska, Canada, United States Enoplognatha carinata Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, Algeria Enoplognatha daweiensis Yin & Yan, 2012 – China Enoplognatha deserta Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Morocco to Israel, Turkey, Russia (Europe) Enoplognatha diodonta Zhu & Zhang, 1992 – Pakistan, India, China, Korea Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) – Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Madeira, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, France, Malta, Greece Enoplognatha franzi Wunderlich, 1995 – Portugal, Spain, Italy (Sicily), Malta, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, Iraq Enoplognatha fuyangensis Barrion & He, 2017 – China Enoplognatha gemina Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Mediterranean, Azerbaijan, Iraq Enoplognatha gershomi Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Israel, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Enoplognatha giladensis (Levy & Amitai, 1982) – Greece (Rhodes), Turkey, Israel, Azerbaijan Enoplognatha goulouensis Yin & Yan, 2012 – China Enoplognatha gramineusa Zhu, 1998 – China, Korea Enoplognatha hermani Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Algeria Enoplognatha inornata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South Africa Enoplognatha intrepida (Sørensen, 1898) – Alaska, Canada, United States, Greenland Enoplognatha iraqi Najim, Al-Hadlak & Seyyar, 2015 – Iraq, Iran Enoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – Canada, United States Enoplognatha juninensis (Keyserling, 1884) – Peru Enoplognatha kalaykayina Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, (Europe), Iran. Introduced to Canada Enoplognatha lordosa Zhu & Song, 1992 – China, Japan Enoplognatha macrochelis Levy & Amitai, 1981 – North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Azerbaijan, Iran Enoplognatha malapahabanda Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha mandibularis (Lucas, 1846) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, Russia, (Europe), China. Introduced to St. Helena (type species) Enoplognatha mangshan Yin, 2012 – China Enoplognatha margarita Yaginuma, 1964 – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan Enoplognatha mariae Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Greece, Russia (Caucasus) Enoplognatha maricopa Levi, 1962 – United States Enoplognatha marmorata (Hentz, 1850) – North America Enoplognatha maysanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha mediterranea Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan Enoplognatha melanicruciata Saito, 1939 – Japan Enoplognatha minuscula Wunderlich, 2023 – Portugal Enoplognatha molesta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South Africa Enoplognatha monstrabilis Marusik & Logunov, 2002 – Russia (South Siberia) Enoplognatha mordax (Thorell, 1875) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, (Europe), Iran, China Enoplognatha nigromarginata (Lucas, 1846) – Spain to Greece, Morocco, Algeria Enoplognatha oelandica (Thorell, 1875) – Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, China Enoplognatha oreophila (Simon, 1895) – Sri Lanka Enoplognatha orientalis Schenkel, 1963 – China Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Korea, Japan. Introduced to North America Enoplognatha parathoracica Levy & Amitai, 1981 – Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Caucasus, Israel Enoplognatha penelope Hippa & Oksala, 1982 – Albania, Bulgaria, Greece (incl. Crete), Cyprus Enoplognatha peruviana Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru Enoplognatha philippinensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha procerula Simon, 1909 – South Africa Enoplognatha pulatuberculata Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha puno Levi, 1962 – Peru Enoplognatha qiuae Zhu, 1998 – China Enoplognatha quadripunctata Simon, 1885 – Mediterranean, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan Enoplognatha robusta Thorell, 1898 – Myanmar Enoplognatha sattleri Bösenberg, 1895 – Madeira, Salvages, Canary Islands Enoplognatha selma Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 – United States Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China Enoplognatha submargarita Yaginuma & Zhu, 1992 – Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Central Asia), Mongolia, China Enoplognatha tadzhica Sytshevskaja, 1975 – Tajikistan Enoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884 – Southern, Central Europe to Central Asia Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn, 1833) – Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan. Introduced to North America Enoplognatha turkestanica Charitonov, 1946 – Iran, Central Asia Enoplognatha tuybaana Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha verae Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999 – Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Italy, Greece Enoplognatha wyuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – Canada, United States Enoplognatha yelpantrapensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Enoplognatha yizhangensis Yin, 2012 – China Enoplognatha zapfeae Levi, 1962 – Chile
E. aituarca Esyunin & Efimik, 1998 = Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) E. albimaculosa (Saito, 1934, T from Steatoda) = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. ambigua Kulczyński, 1894 = Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) E. arganoi (Brignoli, 1980, T from Robertus) = Enoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884 E. camtschadalica Kulczyński, 1885 = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. corollata (Bertkau, 1883) = Enoplognatha oelandica (Thorell, 1875) E. cottarellii (Brignoli, 1980) = Enoplognatha testacea Simon, 1884 E. crucifera (Thorell, 1875) = Enoplognatha mordax (Thorell, 1875) E. dorsinotata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. elimata (L. Koch, 1882, T from Theridion) = Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) E. hangzhouensis Zhu, 1998 = Enoplognatha abrupta (Karsch, 1879) E. hungarica Kolosváry, 1934 = Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) E. jacksoni Schenkel, 1927 = Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) E. japonica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 E. krasnojarskensis (Strand, 1903, removed from S of Theridion undulatum) = Enoplognatha serratosignata (L. Koch, 1879) E. mansueta (L. Koch, 1882, T from Theridion) = Enoplognatha mandibularis (Lucas, 1846) E. maritima Simon, 1884 = Enoplognatha mordax (Thorell, 1875) E. marmorata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha marmorata (Hentz, 1850) E. militaris Wunderlich, 1995 = Enoplognatha latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 E. mimoides (Chamberlin, 1920) = Enoplognatha marmorata (Hentz, 1850) E. nigrocincta Simon, 1884 = Enoplognatha mandibularis (Lucas, 1846) E. pikes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha intrepida (Sørensen, 1898) E. piuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 E. puritana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. redimita (Linnaeus, 1758, T from Theridion) = Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) E. robustula Roewer, 1942 = Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) E. rugosa Emerton, 1908 = Enoplognatha intrepida (Sørensen, 1898) E. schaufussi (L. Koch, 1882) = Enoplognatha mordax (Thorell, 1875) E. submargarita Yaginuma & Zhu, 1992 = Enoplognatha margarita Yaginuma, 1964 E. tecta Keyserling, 1884 = Enoplognatha caricis (Fickert, 1876) E. thoracicoides Nosek, 1905 = Enoplognatha quadripunctata Simon, 1884 E. transversifoveata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) = Enoplognatha abrupta (Karsch, 1879)
References