Robert Arbuthnot or Arbuthnott may refer to:
Robert Arbuthnot, 1st Viscount of Arbuthnott (bef. 1625 –1655) Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Viscount of Arbuthnott (died 1682) Robert Arbuthnot, 3rd Viscount of Arbuthnott (1661–1694) Robert Arbuthnot (auditor) (1669–1727), Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland Robert Arbuthnot, 4th Viscount of Arbuthnott (1686–1710) Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott (Robert Keith Arbuthnott, 1897–1966), British Army general Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo (1728–1803), trustee of Board of Manufactures Robert Arbuthnot (Ceylon) (c. 1761–1809), British soldier and diplomat Robert Arbuthnot (British Army officer) (1773–1853), British Army general Sir Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Baronet (1801–1873), Scottish civil servant Sir Robert Arbuthnot, 4th Baronet (1864–1916), British Royal Navy admiral Sir Robert Dalrymple Arbuthnot, 6th Baronet (1919–1944); see Arbuthnot baronets