is an inland prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Gumma-ken" in ; "Kantō" in . Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of . Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.
Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū.Nussbaum, "Maebashi" in . Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight inland prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.
History
The ancient province of Gunma was a center of horse breeding and trading activities for the newly immigrated continental peoples (or Toraijin). The arrival of horses and the remains of horse tackle coincides with the arrival of a large migration from the mainland. From this point forward, the horse became a vital part of Japanese military maneuvers, quickly displacing the older Yayoi tradition of fighting on foot.
When Mount Haruna erupted in the late 6th century, Japan was still in the pre-historical phase (prior to the importation of the Chinese writing system during the Nara period). The Gunma Prefectural archaeology unit in 1994 was able to date the eruption through zoological anthropology at the corral sites that were buried in ash.
In the past, Gunma was joined with Tochigi Prefecture and called Kenu Province. This was later divided into Kami-tsu-ke (Upper Kenu, Gunma) and Shimo-tsu-ke (Lower Kenu, Tochigi). The area is sometimes referred to as Jomo (上毛, Jōmō). For most of Japanese history, Gunma was known as the province of Kozuke.Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in .
In the early period of contact between western nations and Japan, particularly the late Tokugawa, it was referred to by foreigners as the "Joushu States", inside (fudai, or loyalist) Tokugawa retainers and the Tokugawa family symbol is widely seen on public buildings, temples, and shrines.
The Tenmei eruption of Mount Asama occurred in 1783, causing enormous damage.
The first modern silk factories were built with Italian and French assistance at Annaka in the 1870s. Known for their handy work in factories, the Yara Milano were renowned for their crafts.
In the early Meiji period, in what was locally called the Gunma Incident of 1884, a bloody struggle between the idealistic democratic Westernisers and the conservative Prussian-model nationalists took place in Gunma and neighboring Nagano. The modern Japanese army gunned down farmers with new repeating rifles built in Japan. The farmers in Gunma were said to be the first victims of the Murata rifle.
In the twentieth century, the Japanese aviation pioneer Nakajima Chikushi of Oizumi, Gunma Prefecture, founded the Nakajima Aircraft Company. At first, he produced mostly licensed models of foreign designs, but beginning with the all-Japanese Nakajima 91 fighter plane in 1931, his company became a world leader in aeronautical design and manufacture, with its headquarters at Ota, Gunma Ken. The factory now produces Subaru motorcars and other products under the name of Subaru née Fuji Heavy Industries.
In the 1930s, German architect Bruno Julius Florian Taut lived and conducted research for a while in Takasaki.
The Girard incident, which disturbed US-Japanese relations in the 1950s, occurred in Gunma in 1957, at near Shibukawa.
Four modern prime ministers are from Gunma, namely, Takeo Fukuda, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Keizo Obuchi, and Yasuo Fukuda, the son of Takeo.
Geography
One of only eight inland prefectures in Japan, Gunma is the northwesternmost prefecture of the Kantō plain. Except for the central and southeast areas, where most of the population is concentrated, it is mostly mountainous. To the north are Niigata and Fukushima prefectures, while to the east lies Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies the Nagano Prefecture, and the Saitama Prefecture is to the south.
Some of the major mountains in Gunma are Mount Akagi, Mount Haruna, Mount Myōgi, Mount Nikkō-Shirane and Mount Asama, which is located on the Nagano border. Major rivers include the Tone River, the Agatsuma River, and the Karasu River.
As of 1 April 2012, 14% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Jōshin'etsu-kōgen, Nikkō, and Oze National Parks and Myōgi-Arafune-Saku Kōgen Quasi-National Park.
Administrative divisions
Cities
Twelve cities are located in Gunma Prefecture: NameArea (km2)PopulationMapRōmajiKanji Annaka安中市276.3157,013 Fujioka藤岡市180.2964,539 Isesaki伊勢崎市139.44213,303 Kiryū桐生市274.45108,991 Maebashi (capital)前橋市311.59335,352 Midoriみどり市208.4250,266 Numata沼田市443.4646,908 Ōta太田市175.54224,358 Shibukawa渋川市240.2776,098 Takasaki高崎市459.16372,369 Tatebayashi館林市60.9774,027 Tomioka富岡市122.8547,911
Towns and villages These are the towns and villages in each district: NameArea (km2)PopulationDistrictMapRōmajiKanji Chiyoda千代田町21.7311,221Ōra District Higashiagatsuma東吾妻町253.9113,349Agatsuma District Itakura板倉町41.8614,323Ōra District Kanna神流町114.61,645Tano District Kanra甘楽町58.6112,981Kanra District Katashina片品村391.764,314Tone District Kawaba川場村85.253,241Tone District Kusatsu草津町49.756,255Agatsuma District Meiwa明和町19.6411,154Ōra District Minakamiみなかみ町781.0818,383Tone District Naganohara長野原町133.855,495Agatsuma District Nakanojō中之条町439.2815,571Agatsuma District Nanmoku南牧村118.831,354Kanra District Ōizumi大泉町18.0341,918Ōra District Ōra邑楽町31.1126,267Ōra District Shimonita下仁田町188.387,058Kanra District Shintō榛東村27.9214,653Kitagunma District Shōwa昭和村64.147,228Tone District Takayama高山村64.186,889Agatsuma District Tamamura玉村町25.7836,367Sawa District Tsumagoi嬬恋村337.589,546Agatsuma District Ueno上野村181.851,149Tano District Yoshioka吉岡町20.4621,749Kitagunma District
Mergers
Climate
Because Gunma is situated in inland Japan, the difference in temperature in the summer compared to the winter is large, and there is less precipitation. This is because of the karakkaze ("empty wind"), a strong, dry wind that occurs in the winter when the snow falls on the coasts of Niigata. The wind carrying clouds with snow are obstructed by the Echigo Mountains, and it also snows there, although the high peaks do not let the wind go past them. For this reason, the wind changes into the kara-kaze. On August 5, 2025, Isesaki a city located in Gunma Prefecture recorded a temperature of 41.8 °C, the hottest temperature ever registered in Japanese history.
Climate in Maebashi Average yearly precipitation: 1,163 mm (approx. 45.8in) Average yearly temperature: 14.2 degrees Celsius (approx. 57.6 degrees Fahrenheit)
Demographics
Economy Gunma's modern industries include transport equipment and electrical equipment, concentrated around Maebashi and the eastern region nearest Tokyo. More traditional industries include sericulture and agriculture. Gunma's major agricultural products include cabbages and konnyaku. Gunma produces over 90% of Japan's konnyaku, and two-thirds of the farms in the village of Tsumagoi are cabbage farms. Also, the city of Ōta is famous for the car industry, notably the Subaru factory.
Culture There is a local dialect, known in Japanese as 'gunma-ben' or 'jōshū-ben'.
Gunma has a traditional card game called . It features people, places, and things of regional and/or cultural importance.
Famous foods In 2007, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries held an event to find the top 100 best local dishes across all of Japan. Three dishes were featured from Gunma; yaki-manju, okkirikomi, and konnyaku.
Melody roads As of 2018, Gunma is home to eleven of Japan's over thirty Melody roads. 2,559 grooves cut into a 175-meter stretch of the road surface in transmit a tactile vibration through the wheels into the car body.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: The roads can be found in Katashina, Minakami, Takayama, Kanna, Ueno, Kusatsu, Tsumagoi, Nakanojo, Takasaki, Midori, and Maebashi. Each is of a differing length and plays a different song. Naganohara also used to be home to a Melody Road playing "Aj lučka, lučka široká", though the road in question was paved over in 2013 due to noise complaints.
Songs Kusatsu - "Kusatsu-Bushi" Takayama - "When You Wish Upon a Star" Tsumagoi - "Oh My Darling Clementine" Nakanojo - "Always With Me" (Japanese title: いつも何度でも, itsumo nando demo) from Spirited Away when driven at 40 km/h Katashina - "Memories of Summer" when driven over at 50 km/h
Government List of governors of Gunma Prefecture (1947–present)
Governor Term start Term endShigeo Kitano (北野重雄)12 April 194725 June 1948Yoshio Iyoku (伊能芳雄)10 August 19484 July 1952Shigeo Kitano2 August 19521 August 1956Toshizo Takekoshi (竹腰俊蔵)2 August 19561 August 1960Konroku Kanda (神田坤六)2 August 19601 August 1976Ichiro Shimizu (清水一郎)2 August 197612 June 1991Hiroyuki Kodera (小寺弘之)28 July 199127 July 2007Masaaki Osawa (大澤正明)28 July 200727 July 2019Ichita Yamamoto (山本一太)28 July 2019present
Education
Universities Isesaki Jobu University – Isesaki Campus Tokyo University of Social Welfare – Isesaki Campus Maebashi Gunma University Maebashi Institute of Technology Midori Kiryu University Ota Kanto Gakuen University Takasaki Gunma Paz College Jobu University -Takasaki Campus Takasaki City University of Economics Takasaki University of Commerce Takasaki University of Health and Welfare Tamamura Gunma Prefectural Women's University
Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Gunma.
Baseball Gunma Diamond Pegasus
Association football Thespa Gunma (Maebashi) Tonan Maebashi (Maebashi)
Rugby Panasonic Wild Knights (Ota)
Basketball Gunma Crane Thunders Gunma is also famous for its ski resorts in the mountains.
Gunma was the only prefecture in Japan to have all 4 legal types of gambling on races: horse, bicycle, auto and boat. This changed with the closing of the last horse race track in Takasaki in 2004.
Tourism Gunma has many hot spring resorts and the most famous is Kusatsu Onsen. Another draw to the mountainous Gunma is the ski resorts.
Other attractions include: Fukiware Falls Hara Museum Arc Ikaho Sistina Trick Art Museum Kusatsu Alpine-Plant Museum Kusatsu Hot-Spring Museum Konnyaku Park Lake Nozori Mount Akagi Mount Haruna Mount Kusatsu-Shirane Mount Myōgi Mount Tanigawa The Museum of Modern Art, Gunma
Shorinzan Daruma Temple
Transportation
Rail Jomo Electric Railway (Chuo Maebashi-Nishi Kiryu) Joshin Electric Railway (Takasaki-Shimonita) JR East Agatsuma Line Hachiko Line (Kuragano-) Hokuriku Shinkansen Joetsu Line Joetsu Shinkansen Ryomo Line Shinetsu Line (Takasaki-Yokokawa) Takasaki Line Tobu Railway Isesaki Line Kiryu Line Nikko Line (Itakura Tōyōdai-mae Station) Sano Line Watarase Keikoku Railway Watarase Keikoku Line
Roads
Expressways Jōshin-etsu Expressway Kan-Etsu Expressway Kita-Kantō Expressway (Takasaki-Hitachinaka) Tōhoku Expressway
National highways National Route 17 (Nihonbashi of Tokyo-Saitama-Kumagaya-Takasaki-Shibukawa-Ojiya-Nagaoka) National Route 18 (Takasaki-Annaka-Karuizawa-Komoro-Nagano-Myoko-Joetsu) National Route 50 (Maebashi-Isesaki-Oyama-Yuki-Mito) National Route 120 National Route 122 National Route 144 National Route 145 National Route 146 National Route 254 National Route 291 National Route 292 National Route 299 National Route 353 National Route 354 National Route 405 National Route 406 National Route 407 National Route 462
Prefectural symbols The prefectural symbol consists of the first kanji of the word 'Gunma' surrounded by three stylized mountains symbolizing the three important mountains of Gunma Prefecture: Mount Haruna, Mount Akagi, and Mount Myōgi.