Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.
Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. The most common methods for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale are: Steam reforming, oil reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis.
Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, because it is not naturally occurring as a fuel. It is, however, widely regarded as an ideal energy storage medium, due to the ease with which electricity can convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis and can be converted back to electrical power using a fuel cell or hydrogen turbine. There are a wide number of different types of fuel and electrolysis cells.
The potential environmental impact depends primarily on the methods used to generate hydrogen as a fuel.
Fuel cells
Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) Electro-galvanic fuel cell (EGFC) Flow battery (RFC) Formic acid fuel cell (FAFC) Metal hydride fuel cell (MHFC) Microbial fuel cell (MFC) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) Protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) Regenerative fuel cell (RFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen plant (Steam reformer) Hydrogen pipeline transport Hydrogen pressure letdown station Compressed hydrogen tube trailer Liquid hydrogen tank truck Hydrogen piping Hydrogen station HCNG Homefueler Home Energy Station Hydrogen highway Zero Regio Hydrogen compressor Electrochemical hydrogen compressor Guided rotor compressor Hydride compressor Ionic liquid piston compressor Linear compressor Hydrogen turboexpander-generator Hydrogen leak testing Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen purifier Hydrogen analyzer Hydrogen valve
Hydrogen storage
Compressed hydrogen Cryo-adsorption Liquid hydrogen Slush hydrogen Underground hydrogen storage Hydrogen tank Power to gas
Hydrogen vehicles
Historic hydrogen filled airships Hindenburg (airship) Zeppelin
Hydrogen powered cars
Audi: 2004 – Audi A2H2-hybrid vehicle 2009 – Audi Q5-FCEVnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
BMW: 2002 – BMW 750hl 2010 – BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid electricnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Chrysler: 2000 – Jeep Commander II-hybrid vehicle-Commercial 2001 – Chrysler Natrium-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Jeep Treo-Fuel cell
Daimler: 1994 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 1 1996 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 2 1997 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 3 1999 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 4 2000 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 5 2002 – Mercedes-Benz F-Cell based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class 2005 – Mercedes-Benz F600 Hygenius 2009 – Mercedes-Benz F-CELL Roadster 2009 – Mercedes-Benz F-Cell based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Classnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Fiat: 2001 – Fiat Seicento Elettra H2 Fuel Cell-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Fiat Seicento Hydrogen-hybrid vehicle 2005 – Fiat Panda Hydrogen-Fuel cell 2008 – Fiat Phyllis-Fuel cell 2008 – Fiat Panda-Fiat Panda HyTRANnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Ford: 2000 – Ford Focus FCV-Fuel cell. Note however that Ford Motor Company has dropped its plans to develop hydrogen cars, stating that "The next major step in Ford’s plan is to increase over time the volume of electrified vehicles"."Ford Motor Company Business Plan", December 2, 2008 2006 – F-250 Super Chief a Tri-Flex engine concept pickup.
Forze Hydrogen-Electric Racing Team Delft 2016 – Forze-Fuel cell
General Motors: 1966 – GM Electrovan-Fuel cell 2001 – HydroGen3-Fuel cell 2002 – GM HyWire-Fuel cell 2005 – GM Sequel-hybrid vehicle 2006 – Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cellnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 2007 – HydroGen4 Honda: 2002 – Honda FCX – hybrid vehicle 2007 – Honda FCX Clarity – Hydrogen fuel cell – Production model
Hyundai: 2001 – Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV 2010 – Hyundai ix35 FCEVnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Lotus Engineering: 2010 – Black Cab-Fuel cellnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Kia: 2009 – Kia Borrego FCEV-Fuel cellFirst Drive: hydrogen-powered Kia Borrego FCEV and Nissan X-Trail FCV
Mazda: 1991 – Mazda HR-X Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1993 – Mazda HR-X2 Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1993 – Mazda MX-5 Miata Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1995 – Mazda Capella Cargo, first public street test of the hydrogen Wankel Rotary engine. 1997 – Mazda Demio FC-EV Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell 2001 – Mazda Premacy FC-EV – First public street test of the Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell vehicle in Japan 2003 – Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE Hydrogen \ Gasoline hybrid Wankel Rotary. 2007 – Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid 2009 – Mazda 5 Hydrogen RE Hybridnetinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Mitsubishi: 2004 – Mitsubishi FCV
Morgan: 2005 – Morgan LIFEcar-hybrid vehicle-concept car
Nissan: 2002 – Nissan X-Trail FCHV-hybrid vehicle. Note, however that in 2009, Nissan announced that it is cancelling its hydrogen car R&D efforts.Dennis, Lyle. "Nissan Swears Off Hydrogen and Will Only Build Electric Cars", All Cars Electric, February 26, 2009
Peugeot: 2004 – Peugeot Quark 2006 – Peugeot 207 Epure 2008 – H2Origin-Fuel cell
Renault: Scenic ZEV H2 is a hydro-electric MPV co-developed by Nissan.
Riversimple: 2009 – Riversimple Urban Car
Ronn Motor Company: 2008 – Ronn Motor Scorpion
Toyota: 2002 – Toyota FCHV-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Toyota Fine-S-concept car 2003 – Toyota Fine-N-concept car 2005 – Toyota Fine-T-concept car 2005 – Toyota Fine-X-concept car 2008 – Toyota FCHV-adv-preproduction vehicle (expected public release 2015)netinform: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Volkswagen: 2000 – VW Bora Hy-motion-Fuel cell 2002 – VW Bora Hy-power-Fuel cell 2004 – VW Touran Hy-motion-Fuel cell 2007 – VW space up! blue
Hydrogen-powered planes Hyfish Smartfish Tupolev Tu-155-hydrogen-powered version of Tu-154Hydrogen Powered Tupolev Tu-155 Development of Cryogenic Fuel Aircraft, Tupelov Antares DLR-H2 -The first aircraft capable of performing a complete flight on fuel-cell power only
Possible future aircraft using precooled jet engines include Reaction Engines Skylon and the Reaction Engines A2.
Hydrogen powered rockets The following rockets were/are partially or completely propelled by hydrogen fuel:
Saturn V (upper stage) Space Shuttle Ariane 5 Delta IV Atlas V (Centaur upper stage) CE-20 (cryogenic rocket engine for upper stage of GSLV-III)
Related technologies
Environmental Anaerobic digestion Dark fermentation Photofermentation Syngas
Nuclear Generation IV reactor Hydrogen bomb
Organic chemistry Dehydrogenation Hydrogenation Hydrogenolysis
Miscellaneous Hydrogen therapy Hydrogen odorant Atomic hydrogen welding Hydrogen-cooled turbo generator Oxyhydrogen flame Low hydrogen annealing Hydrogen decrepitation process (HD) Hydrogenation disproportionation desorption and recombination (HDDR) Standard hydrogen electrode Reversible hydrogen electrode Dynamic hydrogen electrode Palladium–hydrogen electrode Cathodic protection Iron-hydrogen resistor Hydrogen pinch Hofmann voltameter Hydrox Hydreliox Joule–Thomson effect Hydrogen ion Bussard ramjet Döbereiner's lamp Nickel–hydrogen battery Gas-absorption refrigerator Electroosmotic pump Sodium silicide Temperature-programmed reduction Hydrogen damage Hydrogen embrittlement
See also
National Center for Hydrogen Technology
Methane pyrolysis Laura Maersk (2023) – first methanol container ship
References