William Dean Howells ( ; March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American realist novelist, literary critic, playwright, and diplomat, nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters". He was particularly known for his tenure as editor of The Atlantic Monthly, as well as for the novels The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria, and the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day", which was adapted into a 1996 film of the same name.
Biography
Early life and family William Dean Howells was born on March 1, 1837, in Martinsville, Ohio (now known as Martins Ferry, Ohio), to William Cooper Howells and Mary Dean Howells,Lynn, 35 the second of eight children. He had Welsh, German, Irish, and English ancestry. His father was a newspaper editor and printer who moved frequently around Ohio.William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Social Reforms. Third Edition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 698. In 1840, the family settled in Hamilton, Ohio,Lynn, 36 where his father oversaw a Whig newspaper and followed Swedenborgianism.Olsen, 33–34 Their nine years there were the longest period that they stayed in one place. The family had to live frugally, although the young Howells was encouraged by his parents in his literary interests.Olsen, 36 He began at an early age to help his father with typesetting and printing work, a job known at the time as a printer's devil. In 1852, his father arranged to have one of his poems published in the Ohio State Journal without telling him.
Early career In 1856, Howells was elected as a clerk in the State House of Representatives. In 1858, he began to work at the Ohio State Journal, where he wrote poetry and short stories, and also translated pieces from French, Spanish, and German. He avidly studied German and other languages and was greatly interested in Heinrich Heine. In 1860, he visited Boston, Massachusetts and met with writers James T. Fields, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. He became a personal friend to many of them, including Henry Adams, William James, Henry James, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.See, e.g., Smith, Harriet Elinor, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1, University of California Press, 2010, p.475.
In 1860 Howells wrote Abraham Lincoln's campaign biography Life of Abraham Lincoln and subsequently gained a consulship in Venice. He married Elinor Mead on Christmas Eve 1862 at the American embassy in Paris. She was a sister of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead of the firm McKim, Mead, and White. Among their children was architect John Mead Howells.
Editorship and other literary pursuits Howells and his family returned to the United States in 1865 and settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote for various magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. In January 1866, James Fields offered him a position as assistant editor at The Atlantic Monthly; he accepted after successfully negotiating for a higher salary, though he was frustrated by Fields' close supervision.Goodman and Dawson, 107–108
Howells was made editor in 1871, after five years as assistant editor, and he remained in this position until 1881. In 1869, he met Mark Twain with whom he formed a longtime friendship. But his relationship with journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison was more important for the development of his literary style and his advocacy of Realism. Harrison wrote a series of articles for The Atlantic Monthly during the 1870s on the lives of ordinary Americans.Fryckstedt 1958 Howells gave a series of twelve lectures on "Italian Poets of Our Century" for the Lowell Institute during its 1870–71 season.Harriet Knight Smith, The History of the Lowell Institute, Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Co., 1898.
In September 1885, Henry Alden, the senior editor at Harper's, asked Howell to consider writing a new literary column for the magazine, called the Editor’s Study. Following a successful pilot, Howells agreed to write the column, on the condition that he be allowed to overrule objections from editors and advertisers. In addition to literary reviews, he would write on such contentious topics as "the question of modern civilization", "sex in literature", the Dred Scott Case, "the rise of psychologism", "race-patriotism", and "international government".Goodman and Dawson, 269-274 He wrote his last Editor's Study column in March 1892, and shortly thereafter moved from Boston to New York to write for Cosmopolitan. After 1900, he would return to write the Editor's Easy Chair column for Harper's, which focused more explicitly on social issues.Goodman and Dawson, 312
Howells published his first novel Their Wedding Journey in 1872, but his literary reputation soared with the realist novel A Modern Instance (1882), which described the decay of a marriage. His 1885 novel The Rise of Silas Lapham became his best known work, describing the rise and fall of an American entrepreneur of the paint business. His social views were also strongly represented in the novels Annie Kilburn (1888), A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889), and An Imperative Duty (1891).
Howells was particularly outraged by the trials resulting from the Haymarket affair, which led him to portray a similar riot in A Hazard of New Fortunes and to write publicly to protest the trials of the men allegedly involved in the affair. In his public writing and in his novels, he drew attention to pressing social issues of the time. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines.
His poems were collected in 1873 and 1886, and a volume was published in 1895 under the title Stops of Various Quills. He was the initiator of the school of American realists, and he had little sympathy with any other type of fiction. However, he frequently encouraged new writers in whom he discovered new ideas or new fictional techniques, such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Hamlin Garland, Harold Frederic, Abraham Cahan, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Paul Laurence Dunbar.
Later years
In 1902, Howells published The Flight of Pony Baker, a book for children partly inspired by his own childhood.Olsen, 5 The same year, he bought a summer home overlooking the Piscataqua River in Kittery Point, Maine. He returned there annually until his wife's death, then left the house to his son and family and moved to a house in York Harbor. His grandson, John Noyes Mead Howells, donated the property to Harvard University as a memorial in 1979.William Dean Howells Memorial House, Kittery Point, Maine In 1904 he was one of the first seven people chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters, of which he became president.
Howells was present at the 1905 Portsmouth Peace Conference, and reported on it for Harper's Weekly.Goodman and Dawson, 377
In February 1910, Elinor Howells began using morphine to treat her worsening neuritis.Goodman and Dawson, 401 She died on May 6, a few days after her birthday, and only two weeks after the death of Howells's friend Mark Twain. Henry James offered his condolences, writing "I think of this laceration of your life with an infinite sense of all it will mean for you".Lynn, 322 Howells and his daughter Mildred decided to spend part of the year in their Cambridge home on Concord Avenue; though, without Elinor, they found it "dreadful in its ghostliness and ghastliness".Goodman and Dawson, 402
Howells died in his sleep shortly after midnight on May 11, 1920,Goodman and Dawson, 432 of influenza. Following a simple funeral held at the Church of the Ascension in Manhattan, officiated by his friend and fellow Christian Socialist the Rev. Percy Stickney Grant, Howells's body was cremated and was buried in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Eight years later his daughter published his correspondence as a biography of his literary life.
He was posthumously honored with a centennial birthday tribute, originated by the Ohio School of the Air and co-aired on NBC's Blue Network. On March 4, 1937, his adventure-drama biography, "The Dean Without a College", was presented by WLW's Crosley Players troupe.
Literary criticism
In addition to his own creative works, Howells wrote critical essays that helped establish in the United States the literary reputations of Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Benito Pérez Galdós, and, especially, Leo Tolstoy. He also wrote critically in support of American writers Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Emily Dickinson, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sarah Orne Jewett, Charles W. Chesnutt, Abraham Cahan, Madison Cawein, and Frank Norris. In his "Editor's Study" column at The Atlantic Monthly and, later, at Harper's, he formulated and disseminated his theories of realism in literature.
Howells viewed realism as "nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material."Crow, Charles L. A Companion to the Regional Literatures of America. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003: 92.
In defense of the real, as opposed to the ideal, he wrote, I hope the time is coming when not only the artist, but the common, average man, who always 'has the standard of the arts in his power,' will have also the courage to apply it, and will reject the ideal grasshopper wherever he finds it, in science, in literature, in art, because it is not 'simple, natural, and honest,' because it is not like a real grasshopper. But I will own that I think the time is yet far off, and that the people who have been brought up on the ideal grasshopper, the heroic grasshopper, the impassioned grasshopper, the self-devoted, adventureful, good old romantic card-board grasshopper, must die out before the simple, honest, and natural grasshopper can have a fair field.Criticism and Fiction," by William Dean Howells, accessed January 6, 2010.
Howells believed the future of American writing was not in poetry but in novels, a form which he saw shifting from "romance" to a serious form.Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking, 1991: 203–204.
Howells was a Christian socialist whose ideals were greatly influenced by Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.Ensign, Russell L. and Louis Patsouras. Challenging Social Injustice: Essays on Socialism and the Devaluation of the Human Spirit. Edwin Mellen Press, 1993: 19. He joined a Christian socialist group in Boston between 1889 and 1891Bercovitch, Sacvan and Cyrus R. K. Patell. The Cambridge History of American Literature: Volume 3, Prose Writing, 1860-1920. Cambridge University Press, 2005: 736. and attended several churches, including the First Spiritual Temple and the Church of the Carpenter, the latter being affiliated with the Episcopal Church and the Society of Christian Socialists.Goodman and Dawson, 308 These influences led him to write on issues of social justice from a moral and egalitarian point of view, being critical of the social effects of industrial capitalism.Davis, Cynthia J. and, Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts. University of Alabama Press, 2004: 21Link, Arthur Stanley and William A. Link. The Twentieth Century: An American History. Harlan Davidson, 1983: 17.Zimmerman, Jerry R. Baydo. History of the U. S. with Topics. Gregory Publishing Company, 1994: 137 He was, however, not a Marxist.Goodman and Dawson, 120
Reception Howells enjoyed a very lofty reputation during his lifetime. Writing in 1906, Mark Twain considered Howells an exemplary writer, "without his peer in the English-writing world." Bliss Perry considered a knowledge of Howells's work to be vital for an understanding of the American provincial novel and believed that "he has never in his long career written an insincere, a slovenly, or an infelicitous page."Perry, Bliss, The American Spirit in Literature, Yale University Press, 1918, Chapter X.