Events Pre-1600 285 or 286 – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire. 1147 – Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum. 1147 – Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights conquer Lisbon. 1415 – Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.
1601–1900 1616 – Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast. 1747 – War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre. 1760 – King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II. 1809 – Golden Jubilee of George III is celebrated in Britain as he begins the fiftieth year of his reign.Millidge, Judith. Royal Jubilees. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. p.11 1812 – War of 1812: The American frigate, , commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate . 1822 – Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins. 1854 – The Battle of Balaclava takes place during the Crimean War. It is soon memorialized in verse as The Charge of the Light Brigade. 1861 – The Toronto Stock Exchange is created. 1868 – The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland. 1875 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in B♭ minor, Op. 23 premieres in Boston, Massachusetts, with Benjamin Johnson Lang as conductor and Hans von Bülow as soloist.
1901–present 1911 – The Xinhai Revolution spreads to Guangzhou, where the Qing general Fengshan is assassinated by the Chinese Assassination Corps. 1917 – Old Style date of the October Revolution in Russia. 1920 – After 74 days on hunger strike in Brixton Prison, England, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney dies. 1924 – The Zinoviev letter, which Zinoviev himself denied writing, is published in the Daily Mail; the Labour party would later blame this letter for the Conservatives' landslide election win four days later. 1927 – The Italian luxury liner SS Principessa Mafalda sinks off the coast of Brazil, killing 314. 1932 – George Lansbury became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party. 1940 – Benjamin O. Davis Sr. is named the first African American general in the United States Army. 1944 – World War II: Heinrich Himmler orders a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a loosely organized youth culture in Nazi Germany that had assisted army deserters and others to hide from the Third Reich. 1944 – World War II: The under Richard O'Kane (the top American submarine ace of the war) is sunk by the ship's own malfunctioning torpedo. 1944 – World War II: The final attempt of the Imperial Japanese Navy to win the war climaxes at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. 1945 – Fifty years of Japanese administration of Taiwan formally ends when the Republic of China assumes control. 1949 – The Battle of Guningtou in the Taiwan Strait begins. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis: Adlai Stevenson shows the United Nations Security Council reconnaissance photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba. 1968 – A Fairchild F-27 crashes into Moose Mountain while on approach to Lebanon Municipal Airport in Lebanon, New Hampshire, killing 32 people. 1968 – Soyuz 2 is launched. 1971 – The People's Republic of China replaces the Republic of China at the United Nations. 1973 – Egypt and Israel accept United Nations Security Council Resolution 339. 1980 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude. 1983 – The United States and its Caribbean allies invade Grenada, six days after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several of his supporters are executed in a coup d'état. 1989 – The first leg of the 1989 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira is held at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal. 1990 – The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic declares its sovereignty from the Soviet Union. 1995 – A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students. 1997 – After a civil war, Denis Sassou Nguesso proclaims himself President of the Republic of the Congo. 1999 – A Learjet 35 crashes in Mina near Aberdeen, South Dakota, killing all six people on board, including PGA golfer Payne Stewart and golf course designer Bruce Borland. 2001 – Microsoft releases Windows XP, which becomes one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems. 2009 – The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kill 155 and wound at least 721. 2010 – A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes off Indonesia's Mentawai Islands, triggering a tsunami that kills at least 400 people. 2023 – A mass shooting occurs in two locations in Lewiston, Maine. 18 people are killed and 13 more injured.
Births Pre-1600 840 – Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, founder of the Saffarid dynasty (died 879) 1102 – William Clito, French son of Sybilla of Conversano (died 1128) 1330 – Louis II, Count of Flanders, (died 1384) 1453 – Giuliano de' Medici (died 1478) 1510 – Renée of France (died 1574) 1574 – François de Sourdis, French Catholic prelate (died 1628) 1589 – Jan Stanisław Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (died 1635)
1601–1900 1612 – James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, Scottish soldier (died 1650) 1667 – Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (died 1718) 1683 – Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, English-Irish politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (died 1757) 1692 – Elisabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain (died 1766) 1709 – Georg Gebel, German organist and composer (died 1753) 1714 – James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish judge (died 1799) 1736 – Thomas Mullins, 1st Baron Ventry, Anglo-Irish politician and peer (died 1824) 1743 – Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (died 1812) 1749 – Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, Swedish chamberlain (died 1802) 1754 – Richard Howell, 3rd Governor of New Jersey (died 1802) 1755 – François Joseph Lefebvre, French military commander (died 1820) 1757 – Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Prussian statesman (died 1831) 1759 – Maria Feodorovna, Russian wife of Paul I of Russia (died 1828) 1759 – William Grenville, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1834) 1760 – Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, German historian (died 1842) 1767 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss-French philosopher and politician (died 1830) 1768 – Frederick William, ruler of Nassau-Weilburg (died 1816) 1772 – Victoire de Donnissan de La Rochejaquelein, French memoirist (died 1857) 1772 – Géraud Duroc, French general and diplomat (died 1813) 1779 – Pedro Velarde y Santillán, Spanish artillery captain (died 1808) 1781 – Friedrich von Berchtold, Bohemian physician and botanist (died 1876) 1782 – Levi Lincoln Jr., American lawyer and politician, 13th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1868) 1789 – Carlos María de Alvear, Argentine soldier and statesman (died 1852) 1789 – Heinrich Schwabe, German astronomer (died 1875) 1790 – Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (died 1878) 1792 – Jeanne Jugan, French nun (died 1879) 1795 – John P. Kennedy, American novelist and Whig politician (died 1870) 1800 – Maria Jane Jewsbury, English writer, poet, literary reviewer (died 1833) 1800 – Thomas Babington Macaulay, English poet, historian, and politician, Secretary at War (died 1859) 1800 – Jacques Paul Migne, French priest (died 1875) 1800 – Julius von Mohl, German orientalist (died 1876) 1802 – Richard Parkes Bonington, English painter (died 1828) 1802 – Joseph Montferrand, Canadian logger and strongman (died 1864) 1803 – Maria Doolaeghe, Flemish novelist (died 1884) 1806 – Max Stirner, German philosopher and author (died 1856) 1811 – Évariste Galois, French mathematician and theorist (died 1832) 1814 – Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (died 1896) 1815 – Camillo Sivori, Italian virtuoso violinist and composer (died 1894) 1819 – Christian August Friedrich Garcke, German botanist (died 1904) 1821 – Antonio Ciseri, Swiss-Italian painter (died 1891) 1825 – Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer and educator (died 1899) 1825 – Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt, German astronomer and geophysicist (died 1884) 1827 – Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist and politician (died 1907) 1832 – Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (died 1909) 1838 – Georges Bizet, French pianist and composer (died 1875) 1838 – James Maybrick, English cotton merchant, victim of the "Aigburth Poisoning" (died 1889) 1844 – Philip Wicksteed, English economist (died 1927) 1848 – Carlo Emery, Italian entomologist (died 1925) 1848 – Karl Emil Franzos, Austrian novelist (died 1904) 1852 – Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak, Russian author (died 1912) 1853 – Karl August Otto Hoffmann, German botanist (died 1909) 1856 – Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, Croatian geologist, paleontologist, and archaeologist (died 1936) 1858 – Take Ionescu, Romanian politician, diplomat, journalist and lawyer (died 1922) 1864 – John Francis Dodge, American businessman, co-founded the Dodge Company (died 1920) 1864 – Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American pianist and composer (died 1956) 1864 – Toktogul Satylganov, Kyrgyz Akyn, poet and singer (died 1933) 1866 – Thomas Armat, American mechanic and inventor (died 1948) 1866 – Norbert Klein, Bishop of Brno (died 1933) 1866 – Georg Schumann, German composer (died 1952) 1867 – Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (died 1937) 1868 – Dan Burke, American baseball player (died 1933) 1868 – Oskar Kallas, Estonian linguist and diplomat (died 1946) 1870 – Elsa Reger, German writer (died 1951) 1874 – Emma Gramatica, Italian actress (died 1965) 1874 – Victor Sonnemans, Belgian water polo player (died 1962) 1874 – Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and statesman (died 1916) 1875 – Carolyn Sherwin Bailey, American author and educator (died 1961) 1875 – Arthur Birkett, British cricketer (died 1941) 1877 – Adolf Moller, German rower (died 1968) 1877 – Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (died 1957) 1879 – Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (died 1925) 1880 – Bohumír Šmeral, Czech politician (died 1941) 1881 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (died 1973) 1882 – John T. Flynn, American journalist and author (died 1964) 1882 – Tony Jackson, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 1921) 1882 – André-Damien-Ferdinand Jullien, French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (died 1964) 1882 – Theodora Agnes Peck, American author and poet (died 1964) 1883 – Nikolay Krestinsky, Russian revolutionary and politician (died 1938) 1884 – Maria Czaplicka, Polish cultural anthropologist (died 1921) 1885 – Sam M. Lewis, American singer and lyricist (died 1959) 1885 – Xavier Lesage, French equestrian (died 1968) 1886 – Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (died 1972) 1886 – Karl Polanyi, Austro-Hungarian economist and historian (died 1964) 1887 – Alexander McCulloch, British rower (died 1951) 1888 – Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and pilot (died 1957) 1888 – Nils Dardel, Swedish-American painter (died 1943) 1888 – Jan Palouš, Czechoslovak ice hockey player (died 1971) 1888 – Léon Tom, Belgian fencer and bobsledder 1889 – Abel Gance, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1981) 1890 – Floyd Bennett, American aviator (died 1928) 1890 – Kōtarō Tanaka, Japanese jurist and politician (died 1974) 1891 – Charles Coughlin, Canadian-American priest and radio host (died 1979) 1891 – Karl Elmendorff, German conductor (died 1962) 1892 – Nell Shipman, Canadian-American actress, screenwriter, and producer (died 1970) 1894 – Claude Cahun, French photographer and sculptor (died 1954)