Dysdera is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.
The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".
A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the venom from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.
Description
Adults have a reddish-brown body and legs, and can grow up to long. Females are generally larger growing from , while males are about . Their six eyes are close together in an oval shape, and they have eight reddish legs, the second pair facing backward.
Dysdera live in natural shelters, which they completely wrap in white silk. Inhabitants of short grasslands in England and dry forests of the Mediterranean, the spiders will take any potential shelter on or close to the ground; the shelters are used to hide from predators as well as for keeping the spider warm. During the day, they are commonly found taking shelter under objects like gravel with organic material covering it, in forests beneath bark or leaf litter, and occasionally in suburban gardens.
Diet Dysdera are one of the few known arthropods to hunt and prey on woodlice, one of their main food sources. These spiders have wide jaws and large fangs to help to overcome the solid armor-like shells of woodlice. It makes them powerful predators for their size, allowing them to dominate or kill competitors, such as centipedes or other spiders. D. crocata is the only species from the Dysdera family known to prey on other spiders.
They can also excrete certain enzymes that neutralize the chemical defenses of potential prey, allowing them to subsist on other common ground-dwelling invertebrates, including silverfish, earwigs, millipedes, and small burying beetles.
Mating Mating is mainly done during the month of April. The female is the main caregiver for the young. After mating, the male has minimal to no role in the child rearing process. Before laying the eggs, females will make a silk pouch to protect and give them shelter. She can lay up to seventy eggs at once, and will stay in the silk pouch with the eggs, protecting them and waiting for them to hatch.
Distribution D. crocata, D. ninnii, D. dubrovninnii, D. hungarica, and D. longirostris are the five species still found in Central Europe after the last glacial period. They are also abundantly found in North African countries like Morocco and Egypt, but also in Ethiopia, the Iberian Peninsula, and Australia. In the United States, D. crocata is the only species present, and is found from New England down to Georgia, and all the way across the country in California. At least two species inhabit South America: D. solers in Colombia – possibly a relict species from the post-miocene era – and D. magna in Brazil, Uruguay, and the central area of Chile.
Canary Islands Dysdera inhabits all of the Macaronesian archipelagos, but the most drastic variety is in the Canary Islands, a 22 million year old volcanic archipelago nearly off the northwestern coast of Africa. These islands house over forty endemic species of Dysdera, thirty-six of which likely descended from a single ancestor, and six of which are associated with the oldest eastern island. On Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the spider populations are limited to the highest elevation.
The most likely reason that these spiders are so abundant on the Canary Islands is due to the abundance of species on the nearby Iberian Peninsula and North Africas. Groups like Dysdera crocata and Dysdera erythrina, found on two neighboring lands, are found more often than D. lata and Dysdera longirostris, found also in North Africa and Iberia. Over time, these spiders either made their way to the islands or diversified when adapting to the different environments found in the islands.
In total, two to four colonization events are assumed. This probably happened by rafting, or even more likely by transport on floating islands, for Dysdera is not known to use ballooning. Dydera lancerotensis is the only species where an independent origin from continental ancestors is unquestionable; it was originally described as a subspecies of Dysdera crocata. While some of the remaining Macaronesian archipelagos have been colonized from the Canaries, the Azores have been independently colonized from the continent.
The radiation of Dysdera is surpassed on the Canary Islands only by the snail genus Napaeus, the millipede genus Dolichoiulus, and the beetle genera Attalus and Laparocerus.
Species this genus contains 327 species and ten subspecies.
A study published in 2021 used an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular evidence to describe 8 species new to science as well as re-describing and synonymising some existing species.
These species have articles on Wikipedia:
Dysdera aberrans Gasparo, 2010 – Italy Dysdera aculeata Kroneberg, 1875 – Central Asia. Introduced to Croatia Dysdera adriatica Kulczyński, 1897 – Austria, Balkans Dysdera affinis Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera alentejana Ferrández, 1996 – Portugal, Spain Dysdera ancora Grasshoff, 1959 – Italy Dysdera anonyma Ferrández, 1984 – Spain Dysdera apenninica Alicata, 1964 – Italy Dysdera arganoi Gasparo, 2004 – Italy Dysdera armenica Charitonov, 1956 – Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan Dysdera aurgitana Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera castillonensis Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838 – Azores, Europe, Northern Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Central Asia. Introduced to North America, Chile, Brazil, St. Helena, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii Dysdera erythrina (Walckenaer, 1802) – Southwestern and Western to Central Europe (type species)
Dysdera aberrans Gasparo, 2010 – Italy Dysdera achaemenes Zamani, Marusik & Szűts, 2023 – Iran Dysdera aciculata Simon, 1882 – Algeria Dysdera aculeata Kroneberg, 1875 – Central Asia. Introduced to Croatia Dysdera adriatica Kulczyński, 1897 – Austria, Balkans Dysdera affinis Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera afghana Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan Dysdera agadirensis Lecigne, 2023 – Morocco Dysdera akpinarae Varol, 2016 – Turkey Dysdera alegranzaensis Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Islands Dysdera alentejana Ferrández, 1996 – Portugal, Spain Dysdera algarvensis Wunderlich, 2023 – Portugal Dysdera algarvula Wunderlich, 2023 – Portugal Dysdera ambulotenta Ribera, Ferrández & Blasco, 1986 – Canary Islands Dysdera anatoliae Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Turkey, Georgia Dysdera ancora Grasshoff, 1959 – Italy Dysdera andamanae Arnedo & Ribera, 1997 – Canary Islands Dysdera andreae Lecigne, 2025 – Morocco Dysdera andreinii Caporiacco, 1928 – Italy, Albania Dysdera aneris Macías-Hernández & Arnedo, 2010 – Selvagens Is. Dysdera anonyma Ferrández, 1984 – Spain Dysdera apenninica Alicata, 1964 – Italy D. a. aprutiana Alicata, 1964 – Italy Dysdera arabiafelix Gasparo & van Harten, 2006 – Yemen Dysdera arabica Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Oman Dysdera arabisenen Arnedo & Ribera, 1997 – Canary Islands Dysdera argaeica Nosek, 1905 – Turkey Dysdera arganoi Gasparo, 2004 – Italy Dysdera armenica Charitonov, 1956 – Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan Dysdera arnedoi Lissner, 2017 – Spain (Majorca) Dysdera arnoldii Charitonov, 1956 – Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan Dysdera asiatica Nosek, 1905 – Turkey Dysdera atabekia Zamani & Marusik, 2024 – Azerbaijan Dysdera atlantea Denis, 1954 – Morocco Dysdera atlantica Simon, 1909 – Morocco Dysdera aurgitana Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera azerbajdzhanica Charitonov, 1956 – Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) Dysdera baetica Ferrández, 1984 – Spain Dysdera bakhanovi Fomichev, 2023 – Georgia Dysdera bakhtiari Zamani, Marusik & Szűts, 2023 – Iran Dysdera balearica Thorell, 1873 – Spain (Majorca) Dysdera bandamae Schmidt, 1973 – Canary Islands Dysdera baratellii Pesarini, 2001 – Italy Dysdera bartang Fomichev, 2024 – Tajikistan Dysdera beieri Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Greece Dysdera bellimundi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Montenegro, Albania Dysdera bernardi Denis, 1966 – Libya Dysdera bicolor Taczanowski, 1874 – French Guiana Dysdera bicornis Fage, 1931 – Spain Dysdera bidentata Dunin, 1990 – Azerbaijan Dysdera bogatschevi Dunin, 1990 – Georgia, Azerbaijan Dysdera borealicaucasica Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus) Dysdera bottazziae Caporiacco, 1951 – Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dysdera breviseta Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Islands Dysdera brevispina Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Islands Dysdera brignoliana Gasparo, 2000 – Italy Dysdera brignolii Dunin, 1989 – Turkmenistan Dysdera caeca Ribera, 1993 – Morocco Dysdera calderensis Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Islands Dysdera caspica Dunin, 1990 – Caucasus (Russia, Azerbaijan) Dysdera castillonensis Ferrández, 1996 – Spain Dysdera catalonica Řezáč, 2018 – Spain, France Dysdera cechica Řezáč, 2018 – Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia? Dysdera centroitalica Gasparo, 1997 – Italy Dysdera cephalonica Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Greece Dysdera cetophonorum Crespo & Arnedo, 2021 – Azores Dysdera charitonowi Mcheidze, 1979 – Georgia Dysdera chioensis Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Islands Dysdera circularis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Greece Dysdera citauca Crespo & Arnedo, 2021 – Madeira Dysdera coiffaiti Denis, 1962 – Madeira Dysdera collucata Dunin, 1991 – Armenia Dysdera concinna L. Koch, 1878 – Azerbaijan, Iran Dysdera corallina Risso, 1826 – Spain, France Dysdera corfuensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Albania, Greece (Corfu) Dysdera cornipes Karsch, 1881 – Tunisia, Libya Dysdera cribellata Simon, 1883 – Canary Islands Dysdera cribrata Simon, 1882 – France, Italy, Andorra Dysdera cristata Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Syria, Lebanon Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838 – Azores, Europe, Northern Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, Central Asia. Introduced to North America, Chile, Brazil, St. Helena, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii D. c. mutica Simon, 1911 – Algeria D. c. parvula Simon, 1911 – Algeria Dysdera crocolita Simon, 1911 – Algeria Dysdera curviseta Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Islands Dysdera cylindrica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 – Pakistan Dysdera daghestanica Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus) Dysdera damavandica Zamani, Marusik & Szűts, 2023 – Iran Dysdera dentichelis Simon, 1882 – Lebanon Dysdera deserticola Simon, 1911 – Algeria Dysdera dissimilis Crespo & Arnedo, 2021 – Madeira Dysdera diversa Blackwall, 1862 – Madeira Dysdera dolanskyi Řezáč, 2018 – Spain Dysdera drescoi Ribera, 1983 – Morocco Dysdera dubrovninnii Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Slovakia, Croatia to Albania, Romania, Ukraine Dysdera dunini Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Turkey, Ukraine, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan?) Dysdera dushengi Lin, Chang & Li, 2020 – Kazakhstan, China Dysdera dysderoides (Caporiacco, 1947) – Ethiopia Dysdera edumifera Ferrández, 1983 – Spain Dysdera elamana Zamani & Marusik, 2023 – Iran Dysdera elburzica (Zamani, Marusik & Szűts, 2023) – Iran Dysdera enghoffi Arnedo, Oromí & Ribera, 1997 – Canary Islands Dysdera enguriensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1988 – Bulgaria, Turkey Dysdera erythrina (Walckenaer, 1802) – Southwestern and Western to Central Europe (type species) Dysdera espanoli Ribera & Ferrández, 1986 – Spain Dysdera esquiveli Ribera & Blasco, 1986 – Canary Islands Dysdera exigua Crespo & Cardoso, 2021 – Madeira Dysdera fabrorum Řezáč, 2018 – Spain Dysdera falciformis Barrientos & Ferrández, 1982 – Spain Dysdera fedtschenkoi Dunin, 1992 – Tajikistan Dysdera ferghanica Dunin, 1985 – Kyrgyzstan Dysdera ferrandezi Barrientos & Hernández-Corral, 2022 – Spain Dysdera fervida Simon, 1882 – France (Corsica), Spain, (Balearic Is.)