The provinces of Thailand are administrative divisions of the government of Thailand.Office of the Council of State of Thailand, National Administration Act 1991 and its amendments. The country is divided into 76 provinces (, , ) proper, with one additional special administrative area (the capital, Bangkok). They are the primary local government units and act as juristic persons. They are divided into amphoe (districts) which are further divided into tambon (sub districts), the next lower level of local government.
All provinces form part of the partially devolved central government, or the regional government (ราชการส่วนภูมิภาค ). Majority of public services, including police, prison, transport, public relation and others are still overseen and managed by the province on behalf of the central government. In 1938–1996, the Royal Thai Government proposed that each province should have a council, elected from people resided within that province. The council acts as an advisory and auditing body to the governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด ), who is appointed by the central government. In 1997, each province has its own provincial administrative organization (องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัด ), presided over by the president. The PAO manages some public services related to the province. It was expected that the PAO president will become the elected governor (instead of a centrally-appointed one), but the full devolution of the government has not happened. The PAO as well as other municipalities form part of the local self-governing government (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่น ).
Bangkok, the sole special administrative area, combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor. The average area of the 76 provinces of Thailand plus Bangkok is about , while its average population of all 77 divisions of Thailand is about 908,064 people.
76 provinces in Thailand
Seal Name Name(in Thai) Population(December 2024) Area(km2) Populationdensity Capital HS ISO FIPS (special administrative area) 5,456,0001,5643,488 Bangkok BKK TH-10 TH40 372,0003,290113 Amnat Charoen ACR TH-37 TH77 269,000950283 Ang Thong ATG TH-15 TH35 419,0004,003105 Bueng Kan BKN TH-38 TH81 1,566,00010,080155 Buriram BRM TH-31 TH28 733,0005,169142 Chachoengsao CCO TH-24 TH44 314,0002,506131 Chai Nat CNT TH-18 TH32 1,106,00012,69888 Chaiyaphum CPM TH-36 TH26 536,0006,41583 Chanthaburi CTI TH-22 TH48 1,799,00022,31179 Chiang Mai CMI TH-50 TH02 1,298,00011,503112 Chiang Rai CRI TH-57 TH03 1,636,0004,508363 Chonburi CBI TH-20 TH46 508,0005,99884 Chumphon CPN TH-86 TH58 962,0006,936139 Kalasin KSN TH-46 TH23 701,0008,51282 Kamphaeng Phet KPT TH-62 TH11 896,00019,38546 Kanchanaburi KRI TH-71 TH50 1,772,00010,659166 Khon Kaen KKN TH-40 TH22 484,0005,32391 Krabi KBI TH-81 TH63 704,00012,48856 Lampang LPG TH-52 TH06 397,0004,47889 Lamphun LPN TH-51 TH05 632,00010,50060 Loei LEI TH-42 TH18 725,0006,493111 Lopburi LRI TH-16 TH34 288,00012,76523 Mae Hong Son MSN TH-58 TH01 930,0005,607165 Maha Sarakham MKM TH-44 TH24 351,0004,12685 Mukdahan MDH TH-49 TH78 260,0002,141121 Nakhon Nayok NYK TH-26 TH43 926,0002,142432 Mueang Nakhon Pathom NPT TH-73 TH53 711,0005,637125 Nakhon Phanom NPM TH-48 TH73 2,620,00020,736126 Nakhon Ratchasima NMA TH-30 TH27 1,014,0009,526106 Nakhon Sawan NSN TH-60 TH16 1,535,0009,885154 Nakhon Si Thammarat NRT TH-80 TH64 471,00012,13039 NanNAN TH-55 TH04 824,0004,491183 Narathiwat NWT TH-96 TH31 504,0004,099123 Nong Bua Lam Phu NBP TH-39 TH79 512,0003,275156 Nong Khai NKI TH-43 TH17 1,318,0006372,069 Nonthaburi NBI TH-12 TH38 1,236,0001,520813 Pathum Thani PTE TH-13 TH39 741,0001,977375 Pattani PTN TH-94 TH69 266,0005,49549 Phang Nga PNA TH-82 TH61 519,0003,861135 Phatthalung PLG TH-93 TH66 455,0006,18974 Phayao PYO TH-56 TH41 961,00012,34075 Phetchabun PNB TH-67 TH14 484,1006,17276 Phetchaburi PBI TH-76 TH56 517,0004,319120 Phichit PCT TH-66 TH13 839,00010,58978 Phitsanulok PLK TH-65 TH12 823,0002,548323 Ayutthaya AYA TH-14 TH36 422,0006,48365 Phrae PRE TH-54 TH07 430,000547786 Phuket City PKT TH-83 TH62 501,0005,026100 Prachinburi PRI TH-25 TH74 552,0006,41487 Prachuap Khiri Khan PKN TH-77 TH57 193,0003,23059 Ranong RNG TH-85 TH59 864,0005,189167 Ratchaburi RBR TH-70 TH52 782,0003,666213 Rayong RYG TH-21 TH47 1,276,0007,873162 Roi Et RET TH-45 TH25 562,0006,83180 Sa Kaeo SKW TH-27 TH80 1,138,0009,580118 Sakon Nakhon SNK TH-47 TH20 1,381,0009471,458 Mueang Samut Prakan SPK TH-11 TH42 591,000866682 Mueang Samut Sakhon SKN TH-74 TH55 187,000414452 Samut Songkhram SKM TH-75 TH54 639,0003,499182 Saraburi SRB TH-19 TH37 325,0003,019108 Satun STN TH-91 TH67 200,000817245 Sing Buri SBR TH-17 TH33 1,442,0008,936161 Sisaket SSK TH-33 TH30 1,431,0007,741185 Songkhla SKA TH-90 TH68 573,0006,67186 Sukhothai Thani STI TH-64 TH09 822,0005,410152 Suphan Buri SPB TH-72 TH51 1,077,00013,07981 Surat Thani SRT TH-84 TH60 1,360,0008,854153 Surin SRN TH-32 TH29 699,00017,30340 Tak TAK TH-63 TH08 635,0004,726134 Trang TRG TH-92 TH65 227,0002,86677 Trat TRT TH-23 TH49 1,868,00015,626119 Mueang Ubon Ratchathani UBN TH-34 TH75 1,552,00011,072140 Udon Thani UDN TH-41 TH76 320,0006,64748 Uthai Thani UTI TH-61 TH15 436,0007,90655 Uttaradit UTD TH-53 TH10 553,0004,476124 Yala YLA TH-95 TH70 525,0004,131127 Yasothon YST TH-35 TH72 The total population of Thailand is 65,951,000 as of December 2024. The total land area of Thailand is 517,646 km2 in 2013. The total land area of Chiang Mai province is 22,311 sq.km HS – Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. FIPS code is replaced on 31 December 2014 with ISO 3166.
Governance
Thailand's national government organisation is divided into three types: central government (ministries, bureaus and departments), provincial government (provinces and districts) and local government (Bangkok, Pattaya, provincial administrative organisations, etc.).
A province, as part of the provincial government, is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. Bangkok, as part of the local government, is administered by a corporation called Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The corporation is led by the Governor of Bangkok (ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร) who is directly elected by the citizens of Bangkok.
The provinces are named after their original main city, which may not necessarily still be the most populous city within the province today. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.
History
Before 1892 Many provinces date back to semi-independent local chiefdoms or kingdoms, which made up the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The provinces were created around a capital city (mueang) and included surrounding villages or satellite towns. The provinces were administered either by a governor, who was appointed by the king or by a local ruling family, who were descendants of the old kings and princes of that area and had been given this privilege by the central king. De facto the king did not have much choice but to choose someone from the local nobility or an economically strong man, as against these local power groups the administration would have become impossible. The governor was not paid by the king, but instead financed himself and his administration by imposing local taxes himself. Every province was required to send an annual tribute to Bangkok.
The provinces were divided into four different classes. The first-class were the border provinces. The second-class were those that once had their own princely house. Third-class were provinces that were created by splitting them from other provinces. Fourth-class were provinces near the capital. Additionally tributary states like the principalities of Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms of Vientiane and Luang Prabang, Cambodia, or the Malay sultanate Kedah were also part of the country, but with more autonomy than the provinces. In this Mandala system the semi-independent countries sometimes were tributary to more than one country.
New provinces were created when the population of an area outgrew the administration, but also for political reasons. If a governor became too dominant in a region former satellite cities were elevated to provincial status, as was the case with Maha Sarakham province.
Reforms of the provincial administration started in the 1870s under increased pressure from the colonial states of the United Kingdom and France. Agents were sent, especially to border areas, to impose more control on the provinces or tributary states.
Administrative reform of 1892
At the end of the 19th century King Chulalongkorn reformed the central government. In 1892 the ministry, which previously had many overlapping responsibilities, was reorganized with clear missions as in Western administrations. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab became minister of the Ministry of the North (Mahatthai), originally responsible for the northern administration. When the Ministry of the South (Kalahom) was dissolved in 1894, Prince Damrong became Minister of the Interior, responsible for the provincial administration of the whole country.
Starting in 1893 the already existing commissionaireships in some parts of the country were renamed "superintendent commissioner" (khaluang Thesaphiban), and their area of responsibility was called a monthon. In strategically important areas the monthon were created first, while in other areas the provinces kept their independence a bit longer. Several smaller provinces were reduced in status to an amphoe (district) or even lower to a tambon (sub-district) and included in a neighboring province, sometimes for administrative reasons, but sometimes to remove an uncooperative governor.
In some regions rebellions broke out against the new administrative system, usually induced by the local nobility fearing their loss of power. The most notable was the Holy Man Rebellion in 1902 in Isan. It was initially a messianic doomsday sect, but it also attacked government representatives in the northeast. The provincial town Khemarat was even burned by the rebels. After a few months the rebellion was beaten back.
After 1916, the word changwat became common to use for the provinces, partly to distinguish them from the provincial capital city (mueang or amphoe mueang), but also to stress the new administrative structure of the provinces.
When Prince Damrong resigned in 1915, the whole country was divided into 19 monthon (including the area around Bangkok, which was under the responsibility of another ministry until 1922), with 72 provinces.
In December 1915 King Vajiravudh announced the creation of regions (phak), each administered by a viceroy (upparat), to cover several monthon. Until 1922 four regions were established; however, in 1925 they were dissolved again. At the same time several monthon were merged, in an attempt to streamline administration and reduce costs.
Since 1932 The monthons were dissolved when Thailand transformed from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy in 1932, making the provinces the top level administrative division again. Several smaller provinces were also abolished at that time. During World War II, several provinces around Bangkok were merged. These changes were undone after the war. Also the occupied area from French Indochina was organized into four provinces: Phra Tabong, Phibunsongkhram, Nakhon Champasak and Lan Chang. The current province of Sukhothai was at first known as Sawankhalok. It was renamed Sukhothai in 1939 (which is why the railway system goes to Sawankhalok city and not Sukhothai city). The province, Kalasin, was reestablished in 1947 after having been dissolved in 1932.
In 1972 Phra Nakhon and Thonburi provinces were merged to form the special administrative area of Bangkok, which combines the tasks of the provinces with that of a municipality, including having an elected governor.