General elections were held in Italy on 16 November 1919.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 The fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party.
A new election law had expanded the voting rights to a larger section of the population and established a proportional representation system.
Background The elections took place in the middle of Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy, following the First World War.Brunella Dalla Casa, Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna, in: AA. VV, Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.
The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations. In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
Electoral system The Italian parliament passed a law on August 15, 1919 that replaced the uninominal-majoritarian system with a proportional representation system that apportioned seats based on the D'Hondt method.
The new electoral law introduced in 1919 increased the electorate by more than a quarter to 11 million. It gave all those who had fought at the front in the First World War the right to vote, regardless of their age, as well as all other men over the age of 21.Duggan, Fascist Voices, p. 30 The old system of using single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting was abolished and replaced with proportional representation in 58 constituencies with between 5 and 20 members.Nohlen & Stöver, p1032 The new system favoured parties such as the socialist PSI, which was able to mobilise voters through trade unions, cooperatives and other mass organisations, and the Catholic PPI, which could rely on the support of church associations.
Parties and leaders PartyIdeologyLeaderItalian Socialist Party (PSI)SocialismNicola BombacciItalian People's Party (PPI)Christian democracyLuigi SturzoLiberals, Democrats and Radicals (LDR)LiberalismVittorio Emanuele OrlandoDemocratic Party (PD)Social liberalismGiovanni Antonio ColonnaLiberal Party (PL)LiberalismGiovanni GiolittiCombatants' Party (PdC)Veterans' interestsSeveralItalian Radical Party (PR)RadicalismFrancesco Saverio NittiEconomic Party (PE)ConservatismFerdinando BoccaReformist Socialist Party (PSRI)Social democracyLeonida BissolatiItalian Republican Party (PRI)RepublicanismSalvatore Barzilai
Results The fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party. The Socialists of Nicola Bombacci received the most votes in almost every region and especially in Emilia-Romagna (60.0%), Piedmont (49.7%), Lombardy (45.9%), Tuscany (41.7%) and Umbria (46.5%), while the People's Party were the largest party in Veneto (42.6%) and came second in Lombardy (30.1%) and the Liberal lists were stronger in Southern Italy (over 50% in Abruzzo, Campania, Basilicata, Apulia, Calabria and Sicily).Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
Leading parties by region Region First party Second party Third party Abruzzo-Molise LDR–PL PSI PPI Apulia LDR–PL PSI PPI Basilicata LDR–PL PSI PPI Calabria LDR–PL PPI PSI Campania LDR–PL PPI PSI Emilia-Romagna PSI LDR–PL PPI Lazio LDR–PL PPI PSI Liguria LDR–PL PSI PPI Lombardy PSI PPI LDR–PL Marche PSI LDR–PL PPI Piedmont PSI LDR–PL PPI Sardinia LDR–PL PPI PSI Sicily LDR–PL PPI PSI Tuscany PSI LDR–PL PPI Umbria PSI LDR–PL PPI Veneto PPI PSI LDR–PL
References
Sources Duggan, Christopher (2013). Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press