Abundances of the elements (data page)

Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby C3 — Crust: Greenwood C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor) C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke) C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver) U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor) U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)

+Mass fraction, in kg/kg ElementC1C2C3C4C5C6U1U2 01 H hydrogen 1.40×10−3 1.520×10−3 02 He helium 8×10−9 03 Li lithium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.3×10−5 1.37×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.2×10−5 04 Be beryllium 2.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 2×10−6 1.500×10−6 3.000×10−6 05 B boron 1.0×10−5 7.0×10−6 9×10−6 1.0000×10−5 1.5000×10−5 06 C carbon 2.00×10−4 1.80×10−4 3.76×10−3 07 N nitrogen 1.9×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.9×10−5 08 O oxygen 4.61×10−1 3.7×10−1 4.55000×10−1 09 F fluorine 5.85×10−4 4.6×10−4 5.44×10−4 5.25×10−4 10 Ne neon 5×10−9 11 Na sodium 2.36×10−2 2.3×10−2 2.2700×10−2 2.3000×10−2 2.4400×10−2 3.1000×10−2 2.89×10−2 2.57×10−2 12 Mg magnesium 2.33×10−2 2.8×10−2 2.7640×10−2 3.20×10−2 2.37×10−2 1.69×10−2 1.33×10−2 1.35×10−2 13 Al aluminium 8.23×10−2 8.0×10−2 8.3000×10−2 8.4100×10−2 8.3050×10−2 8.5200×10−2 8.0400×10−2 7.7400×10−2 14 Si silicon 2.82×10−1 2.7×10−1 2.72000×10−1 2.677×10−1 2.81×10−1 2.95×10−1 3.08×10−1 3.04×10−1 15 P phosphorus 1.05×10−3 1.0×10−3 1.120×10−3 7.63×10−4 8.30×10−4 16 S sulfur 3.50×10−4 3.0×10−4 3.40×10−4 8.81×10−4 17 Cl chlorine 1.45×10−4 1.9×10−4 1.26×10−4 1.900×10−3 18 Ar argon 3.5×10−6 19 K potassium 2.09×10−2 1.7×10−2 1.8400×10−2 9.100×10−3 1.7600×10−2 1.7000×10−2 2.8000×10−2 2.5700×10−2 20 Ca calcium 4.15×10−2 5.1×10−2 4.6600×10−2 5.2900×10−2 4.9200×10−2 3.4000×10−2 3.0000×10−2 2.9500×10−2 21 Sc scandium 2.2×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.5×10−5 3.0×10−5 2.14×10−5 1.1×10−5 7×10−6 22 Ti titanium 5.65×10−3 8.6×10−3 6.320×10−3 5.400×10−3 5.250×10−3 3.600×10−3 3.000×10−3 3.120×10−3 23 V vanadium 1.20×10−4 1.7×10−4 1.36×10−4 2.30×10−4 1.34×10−4 6.0×10−5 5.3×10−5 24 Cr chromium 1.02×10−4 9.6×10−5 1.22×10−4 1.85×10−4 1.46×10−4 5.6×10−5 3.5×10−5 3.5×10−5 25 Mn manganese 9.50×10−4 1.0×10−3 1.060×10−3 1.400×10−3 8.47×10−4 1.000×10−3 6.00×10−4 5.27×10−4 26 Fe iron 5.63×10−2 5.8×10−2 6.2000×10−2 7.07×10−2 4.92×10−2 3.8×10−2 3.50×10−2 3.09×10−2 27 Co cobalt 2.5×10−5 2.8×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.54×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.2×10−5 28 Ni nickel 8.4×10−5 7.2×10−5 9.9×10−5 1.05×10−4 6.95×10−5 3.5×10−5 2×10−5 1.9×10−5 29 Cu copper 6.0×10−5 5.8×10−5 6.8×10−5 7.5×10−5 4.7×10−5 2.5×10−5 1.4×10−5 30 Zn zinc 7.0×10−5 8.2×10−5 7.6×10−5 8.0×10−5 7.6×10−5 7.1×10−5 5.2×10−5 31 Ga gallium 1.9×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.9×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.86×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.4×10−5 32 Ge germanium 1.5×10−6 1.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.32×10−6 1.6×10−6 33 As arsenic 1.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 1.8×10−6 1.0×10−6 2.03×10−6 1.5×10−6 34 Se selenium 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 1.53×10−7 5×10−8 35 Br bromine 2.4×10−6 4.0×10−6 2.5×10−6 6.95×10−6 36 Kr krypton 1×10−10 37 Rb rubidium 9.0×10−5 7.0×10−5 7.8×10−5 3.2×10−5 7.90×10−5 6.1×10−5 1.12×10−4 1.10×10−4 38 Sr strontium 3.70×10−4 4.5×10−4 3.84×10−4 2.60×10−4 2.93×10−4 5.03×10−4 3.50×10−4 3.16×10−4 39 Y yttrium 3.3×10−5 3.5×10−7 3.1×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.4×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.1×10−5 40 Zr zirconium 1.65×10−4 1.4×10−4 1.62×10−4 1.00×10−4 2.10×10−4 1.90×10−4 2.40×10−4 41 Nb niobium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.1000×10−5 1.3000×10−5 2.5000×10−5 2.6000×10−5 42 Mo molybdenum 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.500×10−6 43 Tc technetium 44 Ru ruthenium 1×10−9 1×10−10 45 Rh rhodium 1×10−9 1×10−10 46 Pd palladium 1.5×10−8 3×10−9 1.5×10−8 1.0×10−9 5×10−10 47 Ag silver 7.5×10−8 8×10−8 8×10−8 8.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8 48 Cd cadmium 1.5×10−7 1.8×10−7 1.6×10−7 9.8×10−8 1.00×10−7 9.8×10−8 49 In indium 2.5×10−7 2×10−7 2.4×10−7 5.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8 50 Sn tin 2.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 2.1×10−6 2.500×10−6 5.500×10−6 51 Sb antimony 2×10−7 2×10−7 2×10−7 2.00×10−7 2.03×10−7 2.00×10−7 52 Te tellurium 1×10−9 1×10−9 2.03×10−9 53 I iodine 4.5×10−7 5×10−7 4.6×10−7 1.540×10−6 54 Xe xenon 3×10−11 55 Cs caesium 3×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.6×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 3.700×10−6 56 Ba barium 4.25×10−4 3.8×10−4 3.90×10−4 2.50000×10−4 5.42000×10−4 7.07000×10−4 5.50000×10−4 1.070000×10−3 57 La lanthanum 3.9×10−5 5.0×10−5 3.5×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.9000×10−5 2.8000×10−5 3.0000×10−5 3.200×10−6 58 Ce cerium 6.65×10−5 8.3×10−5 6.6×10−5 3.3000×10−5 5.4200×10−5 5.7000×10−5 6.4000×10−5 6.5000×10−5 59 Pr praseodymium 9.2×10−6 1.3×10−5 9.1×10−6 3.900×10−6 7.100×10−6 60 Nd neodymium 4.15×10−5 4.4×10−5 4.0×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.5400×10−5 2.3000×10−5 2.6000×10−5 2.6000×10−5 61 Pm promethium 62 Sm samarium 7.05×10−6 7.7×10−6 7.0×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.590×10−6 4.100×10−6 4.500×10−6 4.500×10−6 63 Eu europium 2.0×10−6 2.2×10−6 2.1×10−6 1.100×10−6 1.407×10−6 1.090×10−6 8.80×10−7 9.40×10−7 64 Gd gadolinium 6.2×10−6 6.3×10−6 6.1×10−6 3.300×10−6 8.140×10−6 3.800×10−6 2.800×10−6 65 Tb terbium 1.2×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 6.00×10−7 1.020×10−6 5.30×10−7 6.40×10−7 4.80×10−7 66 Dy dysprosium 5.2×10−6 8.5×10−6 3.700×10−6 6.102×10−6 3.500×10−6 67 Ho holmium 1.3×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.3×10−6 7.80×10−7 1.860×10−6 8.00×10−7 6.20×10−7 68 Er erbium 3.5×10−6 3.6×10−6 3.5×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 2.300×10−6 69 Tm thulium 5.2×10−7 5.2×10−7 5×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.40×10−7 3.30×10−7 70 Yb ytterbium 3.2×10−6 3.4×10−6 3.1×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 1.530×10−6 2.200×10−6 1.500×10−6 71 Lu lutetium 8×10−7 8×10−7 3.00×10−7 5.76×10−7 2.30×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.30×10−7 72 Hf hafnium 3.0×10−6 4×10−6 2.8×10−6 3.000×10−6 3.460×10−6 4.700×10−6 5.800×10−6 5.800×10−6 73 Ta tantalum 2.0×10−6 2.4×10−6 1.7×10−6 1.000×10−6 2.203×10−6 2.200×10−6 74 W tungsten 1.25×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 2.000×10−6 75 Re rhenium 7×10−10 4×10−10 7×10−10 5×10−10 1.02×10−9 5×10−10 76 Os osmium 1.5×10−9 2×10−10 5×10−9 1.02×10−9 77 Ir iridium 1×10−9 2×10−10 1×10−9 1×10−10 1.02×10−9 2×10−11 78 Pt platinum 5×10−9 1×10−8 79 Au gold 4×10−9 2×10−9 4×10−9 3.0×10−9 4.07×10−9 1.8×10−9 80 Hg mercury 8.5×10−8 2×10−8 8×10−8 81 Tl thallium 8.5×10−7 4.7×10−7 7×10−7 3.60×10−7 7.50×10−7 5.20×10−7 82 Pb lead 1.4×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.3×10−5 8.000×10−6 1.5000×10−5 2.0000×10−5 1.7000×10−5 83 Bi bismuth 8.5×10−9 4×10−9 8×10−9 6.0×10−8 1.27×10−7 84 Po polonium 2×10−16 85 At astatine 86 Rn radon 4×10−19 87 Fr francium 88 Ra radium 9×10−13 89 Ac actinium 5.5×10−16 90 Th thorium 9.6×10−6 5.8×10−6 8.1×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.700×10−6 1.0700×10−5 1.0000×10−5 91 Pa protactinium 1.4×10−12 92 U uranium 2.7×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.3×10−6 9.10×10−7 1.200×10−6 1.300×10−6 2.800×10−6 2.500×10−6 93 Np neptunium 94 Pu plutonium

Urban soils The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.

Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).

ElementAtomic numberAbundance in urban soilsAg470.37Al1338200As3315.9B545Ba56853.12Be43.3Bi831.12C645100Ca2053800Cd480.9Cl17285Co2714.1Cr2480Cs555.0Cu2939Fe2622300Ga3116.2Ge321.8H115000Hg800.88K1913400La5734Li349.5Mg127900Mn25729Mo422.4N710000Na115800Nb4115.7Ni2833O8490000P151200Pb8254.5Rb3758S161200Sb511.0Sc219.4Si14289000Sn506.8Sr38458Ta731.5Ti224758Tl811.1V23104.9W742.9Y3923.4Yb702.4Zn30158Zr40255.6

Sea water W1 — CRC Handbook W2 — Kaye & Laby Mass concentration, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L) ElementW1W2 1 H hydrogen 1.08×10−1 1.1×10−1 2 He helium 7×10−12 7.2×10−12 3 Li lithium 1.8×10−7 1.7×10−7 4 Be beryllium 5.6×10−12 6×10−13 5 B boron 4.44×10−6 4.4×10−6 6 C carbon 2.8×10−5 2.8×10−5 7 N nitrogen 5×10−7 1.6×10−5 8 O oxygen 8.57×10−1 8.8×10−1 9 F fluorine 1.3×10−6 1.3×10−6 10 Ne neon 1.2×10−10 1.2×10−10 11 Na sodium 1.08×10−2 1.1×10−2 12 Mg magnesium 1.29×10−3 1.3×10−3 13 Al aluminium 2×10−9 1×10−9 14 Si silicon 2.2×10−6 2.9×10−6 15 P phosphorus 6×10−8 8.8×10−8 16 S sulfur 9.05×10−4 9.0×10−4 17 Cl chlorine 1.94×10−2 1.9×10−2 18 Ar argon 4.5×10−7 4.5×10−7 19 K potassium 3.99×10−4 3.9×10−4 20 Ca calcium 4.12×10−4 4.1×10−4 21 Sc scandium 6×10−13 < 4×10−12 22 Ti titanium 1×10−9 1×10−9 23 V vanadium 2.5×10−9 1.9×10−9 24 Cr chromium 3×10−10 2×10−10 25 Mn manganese 2×10−10 1.9×10−9 26 Fe iron 2×10−9 3.4×10−9 27 Co cobalt 2×10−11 3.9×10−10 28 Ni nickel 5.6×10−10 6.6×10−9 29 Cu copper 2.5×10−10 2.3×10−8 30 Zn zinc 4.9×10−9 1.1×10−8 31 Ga gallium 3×10−11 3×10−11 32 Ge germanium 5×10−11 6×10−11 33 As arsenic 3.7×10−9 2.6×10−9 34 Se selenium 2×10−10 9.0×10−11 35 Br bromine 6.73×10−5 6.7×10−5 36 Kr krypton 2.1×10−10 2.1×10−10 37 Rb rubidium 1.2×10−7 1.2×10−7 38 Sr strontium 7.9×10−6 8.1×10−6 39 Y yttrium 1.3×10−11 1.3×10−12 40 Zr zirconium 3×10−11 2.6×10−11 41 Nb niobium 1×10−11 1.5×10−11 42 Mo molybdenum 1×10−8 1.0×10−8 43 Tc technetium 44 Ru ruthenium 7×10−13 45 Rh rhodium 46 Pd palladium 47 Ag silver 4×10−11 2.8×10−10 48 Cd cadmium 1.1×10−10 1.1×10−10 49 In indium 2×10−8 50 Sn tin 4×10−12 8.1×10−10 51 Sb antimony 2.4×10−10 3.3×10−10 52 Te tellurium 53 I iodine 6×10−8 6.4×10−8 54 Xe xenon 5×10−11 4.7×10−11 55 Cs caesium 3×10−10 3.0×10−10 56 Ba barium 1.3×10−8 2.1×10−8 57 La lanthanum 3.4×10−12 3.4×10−12 58 Ce cerium 1.2×10−12 1.2×10−12 59 Pr praseodymium 6.4×10−13 6.4×10−13 60 Nd neodymium 2.8×10−12 2.8×10−12 61 Pm promethium 62 Sm samarium 4.5×10−13 4.5×10−13 63 Eu europium 1.3×10−13 1.3×10−13 64 Gd gadolinium 7×10−13 7.0×10−13 65 Tb terbium 1.4×10−13 1.4×10−12 66 Dy dysprosium 9.1×10−13 9.1×10−13 67 Ho holmium 2.2×10−13 2.2×10−13 68 Er erbium 8.7×10−13 8.7×10−12 69 Tm thulium 1.7×10−13 1.7×10−13 70 Yb ytterbium 8.2×10−13 8.2×10−13 71 Lu lutetium 1.5×10−13 1.5×10−13 72 Hf hafnium 7×10−12 < 8×10−12 73 Ta tantalum 2×10−12 < 2.5×10−12 74 W tungsten 1×10−10 < 1×10−12 75 Re rhenium 4×10−12 76 Os osmium 77 Ir iridium 78 Pt platinum 79 Au gold 4×10−12 1.1×10−11 80 Hg mercury 3×10−11 1.5×10−10 81 Tl thallium 1.9×10−11 82 Pb lead 3×10−11 3×10−11 83 Bi bismuth 2×10−11 2×10−11 84 Po polonium 1.5×10−20 85 At astatine 86 Rn radon 6×10−22 87 Fr francium 88 Ra radium 8.9×10−17 89 Ac actinium 90 Th thorium 1×10−12 1.5×10−12 91 Pa protactinium 5×10−17 92 U uranium 3.2×10−9 3.3×10−9 93 Np neptunium 94 Pu plutonium

Sun and Solar System S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with (uncertainty %) Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.