(or ) is a classic French fish dish consisting of sole – floured and fried – and served with hot melted butter, lemon juice, and parsley. Many recipes specify Dover sole, but the technique can be used with other similar flatfish.
Etymology and background The term translates literally as "in the style of the miller's wife". It means that the dish, usually fish, is first dusted with flour and then cooked in butter. Anything cooked à la meunière is also generally sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley.Wells, p. 171 The derivation is the late Latin molinarius (a miller)."meunier, meunière", Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Retrieved 6 September 2023
Composition
The dish named has varied over the years. In his 1846 cookery book The Gastronomic Regenerator, Alexis Soyer leaves the skin on the fish and rubs salt and chopped onions into it, before grilling it whole and, once cooked, adding a sauce of melted butter with lemon juice and cayenne pepper.Soyer, p. 115 The method most widely used today is similar to that given by Auguste Escoffier in 1907: the dark skin is removed from a whole sole; the fish is then coated with flour, fried in butter, sprinkled with lemon juice and chopped parsley, and served with very hot melted butter poured over it.Escoffier, pp. 160 and 164
There are minor variations in the method of cooking. Some cooks, like Craig Claiborne, suggest soaking the sole in milk before flouring and cooking;Claiborne, pp. 112–113 others, such as Marcel Boulestin, insist that the fish must be completely dried with a cloth before flouring.Boulestin, pp. 123–124 Some authorities call for filets of sole, but the majority call for the fish to be cooked whole (although some suggest removing the head). Elizabeth David specifies clarified butter for frying the fish, and Escoffier advises "for small fish, ordinary butter can be used, but for larger ones, the use of clarified butter is to be preferred". Authorities differ about whether to use salted or unsalted butter. Marcus Wareing prefers to fry the sole in oil, and Paul Bocuse recommends a mixture of olive oil and butter.Bocuse, p. 184
A more marked departure from the norm is reported by Patricia Wells in a 2003 collection of Parisian chefs' recipes. The chef of the well-known fish restaurant Le Dôme leaves the dark skin on the fish (as Soyer does) and omits the flouring.Wells, p. 172
Although the classic version is made with Dover sole, Felicity Cloake comments in a 2021 survey of sole meunière recipes that the method is suitable for other flatfish, including megrim and lemon sole.
Notes, references and sources Notes
References
Sources
See also Meunière sauce
ja:ムニエル