The Centralia Massacre was the summary execution of 24 captured Union army soldiers in Centralia, Missouri on September 27, 1864, during the American Civil War by Confederate bushwhackers under William T. Anderson. Future outlaw Jesse James was among the killers. In the ensuing Battle of Centralia a large detachment of Union mounted infantry attempted to intercept Anderson, but nearly all of them were killed in combat.

Background In 1864, the military forces of the Confederate States, faced with a rapidly deteriorating position, launched an invasion of northern Missouri. It was led by General Sterling Price and his Missouri State Guard. The objective was to influence the 1864 presidential election by capturing St. Louis and the state capitol at Jefferson City. As part of his strategy, Price encouraged guerrilla warfare, especially the disruption of the railroads. "Bloody Bill" Anderson and his guerrilla company were among those who took part.Guerrilla Tactics, American Experience, PBS

On September 23, 1864, Anderson engaged in a skirmish in Boone County, Missouri, seven miles east of Rocheport. His men managed to kill eleven Union soldiers and three civilian teamsters. The Union soldiers responded by shooting six of Anderson's men captured at a house in Rocheport the next day.

Also, on September 24, Anderson attacked the pro-Union town of Fayette, but the attack failed. Thirteen of Anderson's men were killed, and more than 30 were wounded. Only one Union soldier was killed, with two wounded.Castel, Albert and Thomas Goodrich. Bloody Bill Anderson: The Short, Savage Life of a Civil War Guerrilla. Lawrence Kansas, University Press of Kansas, 2006

Massacre At 9:00 a.m. on September 27, Anderson, with about 80 guerrillas, some dressed in stolen U.S. Army uniforms, moved into Centralia to cut the North Missouri Railroad.Edgar T. Rodemyre. History of Centralia, Missouri. Centralia, Mo.: Press of the Fireside Guard, 1936. The guerrillas looted the town and reportedly drank whiskey from stolen boots. Anderson blocked the North Missouri Railroad line, a fact that the engineer of an approaching train failed to realize until too late, as the men he saw were wearing blue uniforms. The guerrillas swarmed the train and divided the 125 passengers between civilians and soldiers. A total of 24 Union soldiers were aboard, all on leave after the Battle of Atlanta and heading to their homes in northwest Missouri or southwest Iowa.

The U.S. soldiers were ordered at gunpoint to strip off their uniforms. When Anderson called for an officer, Sergeant Thomas Goodman stepped forward, expecting to be shot so the rest would be spared. Instead, Anderson's men ignored Goodman and began shooting the others. Anderson's men then mutilated and scalped the bodies. The guerrillas then set fire to the train and sent it down the tracks toward Sturgeon, Missouri. They torched the depot and rode away from the town.Centralia Massacre, By Claire Wolnisty, Angelo State University, Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict,1855-1865 Sergeant Goodman was taken prisoner on Anderson's orders; it was planned that he would be later exchanged for one of Anderson's men held prisoner by Union forces. Goodman spent ten days in the captivity of the guerrillas before escaping at night as they prepared to cross the Missouri River near Rocheport.William Franklin Switzler. The Centralia Massacre: A complete account, Columbia Daily Tribune, September 27, 2014. Archived

Battle of Centralia

At about 3:00 p.m., Union Army Major Andrew Vern Emen Johnston, a former schoolteacher without much military experience, led 146 men of the newly formed 39th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Mounted) and rode into Centralia.39th Regiment, Missouri Infantry, NPSAlyse Thompson. Your town: This year marks 150th anniversary of the Battle of Centralia, Herald-Whig, April 9, 2020 The townspeople warned Johnston that Anderson had at least 80 well-armed men, but Johnston led his men in pursuit. The Union soldiers soon encountered the guerrillas, and Johnston decided to fight them on foot. Johnston ordered his men to dismount and form a line of battle.Battle of Centralia, Centralia, MO - Missouri Historical Markers on Waymarking.com (location: )

Johnston then reportedly called out a challenge. Anderson's men replied by making a mounted charge. Armed with muzzle-loading Enfield rifles, the U.S. recruits were no match for the guerrillas with their revolvers. Johnston's first volley killed several guerrillas, but his men were overrun. Most were shot down as they attempted to flee. According to Frank James, his younger brother Jesse fired the shot that killed Major Johnston. Of the 147 Union soldiers, 123 were killed during the battle, with only one man wounded.List of Killed from Thirty-ninth Missouri Infantry, at Battle of Centralia, Mo., September 27, 1864., Boone County Historical Society, Columbia, MO. Confederate forces lost three men and ten were wounded.History of Monroe and Shelby Counties, Missouri, vol. 2, pg. 776. St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1884.William Franklin Switzler. Centralia Massacre, in Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri: A Compendium of History, Volume 1, edited by Howard Louis Conard, St. Louis: The Southern History Company, 1901, p. 555.

Aftermath On September 28, 1864, in a letter to Union Army General William Rosecrans, Union Brigadier General Clinton B. Fisk suggested depopulation and devastation in retribution for the massacre:

See also Battle of Fort Pillow, a similar event five months earlier Battle of Baxter Springs

References

Further reading Goodman, Thomas M. A thrilling record: Founded on facts and observations obtained during ten days' experience with Colonel William T. Anderson (the notorious guerrilla chieftain). Des Moines, Iowa: Mills & Co., 1868. The Carnage at Centralia, in Switzler, William F. History of Boone County, Missouri: Written and Comp. from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources; Including a History of Its Townships, Towns, and Villages. Together with a Condensed History of Missouri; the City of St. Louis ... Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Prominent Citizens. St. Louis: Western Historical Company, 1882, pp. 439–467.

External links Centralia Battlefield The Civil War in Missouri - Animated battle Listing of names at Jefferson City National Cemetery, Cole County, Missouri where 79 Federal Soldiers killed at Centralia are buried Thomas D. Thiessen, Douglas D. Scott and Steven J. Dasovich. "This Work of Fiends": Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Confederate Guerrilla Actions at Centralia, Missouri, September 27, 1864, Lincoln Nebraska, March 2008